• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.259-266
• /
• 2014

Stand Density Diagrams (SDD) are average stand-level models which graphically illustrate the relationship between yield, density and mortality throughout the various stages of forest development. These are useful tools for designing, displaying and evaluating alternative density regimes in even-aged forest ecosystems to achieve a desired future condition. This contribution presents an example of a SDD that has been constructed for teak forests of Karnataka in southern India. The relationship between stand density, dominant height, quadratic mean diameter, relative spacing and stand volume is represented in one graph. The relative spacing index was used to characterize the population density. Two equations were fitted simultaneously to the data collected from 27 sample plots measured annually for three years: one relates quadratic mean diameter with stand density and dominant height while the other relates total stand volume with quadratic mean diameter, stand density and dominant height.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.235-241
• /
• 2018

This study was conducted to find out the growth pattern of Pinus koraiensis plantation over 34 years, focusing on DBH, height, basal area and allometric change. Total increment (TI), mean annual increment (MAI) and correlation coefficient were calculated and compared with stand and dominants. Total increment and mean annual increment of both DBH and height of dominants were bigger than those of stand. The difference was apparently shown bigger in DBH than height. Unlike DBH and height the total increment and mean annual increment of basal area per hectare of dominants were distinctively smaller than those of stand. Furthermore MAI of dominant was increasing until age 42, while MAI of stand increased at early ages and then gradually decreased after culmination like MAIs of DBH and height. MAIs of basal area of dead trees at each measurement tended to increase until early age (18 years in this study), while it reached a peak and gradually decrease after that (21 years in this study). Correlation coefficient between DBH and height tended to decrease as both dominant and stand age and the difference between dominant and stand was not clearly shown over the measurement period. Correlation coefficients between DBH and crown width tended to decrease as the trees age and correlation coefficients of dominant were clearly shown smaller than that of stand. Correlation coefficients of height and crown width also was found to be similar to correlation coefficients between DBH and crown. Meanwhile correlation coefficient of height and crown width dropped more radically than coefficient of DBH and crown width as the trees age.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.169-185
• /
• 2016

Recently mean stand height has been added as new attribute to forest type maps, but it is often too costly and time consuming to manually measure 9,100,000 points from countrywide stereo aerial photos. In addition, tree heights are frequently measured around tombs and forest edges, which are poor representations of the interior tree stand. This work proposes an estimation of mean stand height using an image-based point cloud, which was extracted from stereo aerial photo with FUSION S/W. Then, a digital terrain model was created by filtering the DSM point cloud and subtracting the DTM from DSM, resulting in nDSM, which represents object heights (buildings, trees, etc.). The RMSE was calculated to compare differences in tree heights between those observed and extracted from the nDSM. The resulting RMSE of average total plot height was 0.96 m. Individual tree heights of the whole study site area were extracted using the USDA Forest Service's FUSION S/W. Finally, mean stand height was produced by averaging individual tree heights in a stand polygon of the forest type map. In order to automate the mean stand height extraction using photogrammetric methods, a module was developed as an ArcGIS add-in toolbox.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 1972

To study on the annual height growth of Pinus densiflora within natural pine stands in central Korea, twenty two pure closed Pinus densiflora stands were selected subjectively in the west-central region of Korea. In each stand twenty trees were chosen randomly. For each tree, abotu ten to fifteen measurements of internodal lengths were made from leader top to trunk base. A total of one hundred thirty four soil samples was collected. Each soil sample was bulked with three subsamples. The ranges of the growth measurements per stand, per tree and per observation were 14.9-35.4cm, 9.0cm-54.4cm and 2.4cm-69.0cm respectively. The total mean value was 23.5cm. The Student-Newman-Keul's tests for the multiple comparison among the mean values of the height growth per stand were very highly significant. The resutls of the analysis of variance of the height growth data for the selected fifteen stands among the twenty two stands indicate that sampling efficiency might be increased to 744% if measurement of the growth were made on fifteen trees per stand from twenty stands instead of twenty trees per stand from fifteen stands. The annual height growths of Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis for the period from 1960 to 1968 were 21.74$\pm$5.29cm (10) and 20.56$\pm$5.59cm (10) respectively. The total means of easily-soluble phosphorus, total nitrogen, loss on ignition and pH for the soil samples were 2.8 ppm, 0.09%, 5.4% and 4.7 respectively. The ranges of those amounts were 18.7-1.7ppm, 0.17-0.05%, 11.6%-3.1%, 3.9-5.1 respectively. The relationship of the annual height growth of P. densiflora to soil was studied in terms of standard partial multiple regression. Among soil properties such as non-capillary pore space, capillary pore space, maximum field capacity, loss on ignition, soil reaction, total nitrogen and easily-soluble phosphoros investigated, the easily soluble phosphorus in one analysis and loss on ignition and soil reaction in the other analysis seem to have significant positive influence on the annual height growth.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.102-106
• /
• 2008

This study was carried out to evaluate the relationships between stand attributes and litterfall amounts in a 28-year old Quercus acutissima stand. Eighteen sampling plots of $20m{\times}20m$ were chosen and litterfall was collected from May 2005 to December 2006. There was no correlation between stand attributes(tree density, mean diameter at breast height, mean height, basal area) and litterfall amounts except for flower and miscellaneous litter for the study period. There were no significant relationships between leaf litter and basal area(r=0.02, 0.05; P=0.93, 0.83) and between leaf litter and tree density(r=-0.10, 0.05; P=0.85, 0.69). Also, leaf litter was affected neither by mean diameter at breast height(r=-0.08, 0.30; P=0.73, 0.22) nor by mean height(r=-0.24, 0.09; P=0.34, 0.70). Other litter amounts such as bark, branch, and acorn showed no relationships with the stand attributes (P>0.05). The lack of significant relationships between litterfall amounts and stand attributes could be due to the closed canopy with a complete crown cover in this mature oak stand.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.61 no.1
• /
• pp.15-19
• /
• 1983

To establish the stand volume table of Pinus koraiensis S. et Z. and Larix leptolepsis Gord. mean diameter at breast height (D), mean height, basal area per ha, stand from height (H.F), basal area height, number of trees per ha, volume per ha, stand age and site were investigated for 107 plots of P. koraiensis and 82 plots of L. leptolepsis throughout the country. The obtained results are as follows; 1) the relationships between stand volume (V) and H.F. were log V=1.3855+0.1168 H.F and log V+0.9929+0.1543 H.F in P. koraiensis and L. leptolepsis, respectively. 2) The relationship between D and H.F was estimated as H.F = 1.2569+0.2576D for P. koraiensis and as H.F = 4.3045+0.1443D for L. leptolepsis 3) Estimated errors calculated with the application of these stand volume tables were 18.29% and 19.22%r for P. koraiensis and L. leptolepsis respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.94 no.5 s.162
• /
• pp.321-329
• /
• 2005

Based on the data representing four typical Korean pine forest types, the age structure, DBH distribution, species composition, and forking rule were systemically analyzed for old-growth Korean pine forest in Liangshui Nature Reserve, northeast China. The age structure of Korean pine trees was strongly uneven-aged with one dominated peak following normal distribution, and age of trees varied from 100 to 180 years within a stand. The DBH and height differences in same age class (20 years) varied from 28 cm~64 cm and 5 to 20 m, respectively. Many conifer and hard wood species, such as spruce, fir, costata birch, basswood, oak, and elm, were mixed with dominated trees of Korean pine. The canopy of the old-growth Korean pine forest can be divided into two layers, and differences of mean age and height between Layer I and Layer II were ranged 80~150 years and 7~13 m, respectively. The Weibull function was used to model the diameter distribution and performed well to describe size-class distribution either with a single peak in over-story canopy and inverse J-shape in under-story canopy for old-growth Korean pine stands. The forking height of Korean pine trees ranged from 16m to 24 m (mean 19.4 m) and tree age about 120 to 160 years old. The results will provide a scientific basis to protect and recover the ecosystem of natural old-growth Korean pine and also provide the model in management of Korean pine plantation.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.9-26
• /
• 2008

To clarify the reed (Phragmites australis) stand's effects on the sediment properties and its increasing pattern, breaths of reed stands in 1999 and 2000, and sediment properties - water, salt, organic matter, sulphur, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen contents - along th depth at the three stands in 2007 were surveyed at Suncheon Bay. Regardless of reed stand, the more distance from the land was long, the more water and salt contents of sediment were high. Organic matter content of sediment was high and increased with the reed biomass at the upper layer but low regardless of biomass at the lower layer. Sulphur content of sediment was higher at old reed stand (0.33%) than at new stand (0.21%) or non-vegetated stand (0.23%). Carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen contents of sediment were similar at three stands in mean values. However, their contents were high at upper layer and low at lower layer in a stand. Therefore, the changing pattern of organic matter content with the depth was similar to but not coincided to the inorganic nutrients' ones. The mean breadth of reed stands increased $2.33{\pm}0.73m$ in 1999 and $3.65{\pm}1.64m$ in 2000. However, the increase of reed stands' breadth a year varied along the direction, year or stands, so that there was not a trend in increasing pattern. It was thought that this increasing pattern made the reed's patch round. The height and density of reed shoot in newly formed stand decreased with the distance from the center of stand. In the newly formed peripheral area of a reed stand, the shoot density was not related with the land (north) or sea (south) direction, however, the shoot height was higher in the sea (south) than in the land (north) direction.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.435-440
• /
• 2002

The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between polarimetric radar backscatters and stand characteristics over the mountainous forest area. L- and P-band full polarimetric airborne SAR data obtained in September 2000 were processed to compare with forest stand maps and ground collected stand variables. After the geometric registration of SAR image, mean radar backscatters were extracted for those ground plots where the stand parameters, such as tree height, DBH, and basal area, were measured during and after the SAR data acquisition. Preliminary analysis was focused on the topographic influence of radar backscattering under the homogeneous forest stand condition. Topographic effects, assessed by the local incidence angles, were different obvious in L-band data while it was not clear with P-band data.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.335-357
• /
• 2014

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the vegetation structure and the vegetation transition over 25 years (between 1986 and 2010), and the correlation with the change of some conditions (the vegetation height and coverage on each layer and the climate factors as WI, CI, mean annual temperature, mean annual total precipitation etc.) in the Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest,, Hong-Do island. The EBLF is classified into five units of vegetation (Hedera rhombea-Machilus thunbergii community (M-M comm.), Castanopsis sieboldii forest (Machilus japonica-Castanopsis sieboldii community; Raphiolepis indica var. umbellata-C. sieboldii community), community (Qa comm.), Carpinus turczaninovii community (Ct comm.), Camellia japonica stand (Cj stand)). The vegetation transition by CCA had high correlation with the height and coverage on each layer and the climate factors, and it did the succession (transition) that the M-M comm. (2010) from Mallotus japonicus community Machilus thunbergii community Carpinus coreana community (Cc comm.) Aucuba japonica community (Aj comm.) Trachelos permum asiaticum var. intermedium-Quercus acuta community (TQ comm.) (1986), the communities of C. sieboldii forest (2010) from Aj comm. TQ comm. Raphiolepis umbellata-Camellia japonica community (RC comm.) (1986), the Qa comm. (2010) from Ardisia japonica-Castanopsis sieboldii community (AC comm.) and TQ comm. (1986), the Ct comm. (2010) from Cc comm. RC comm. Aj comm. Quercus serrata community and the Cj stand (2010) from AC comm. (1986). the height and coverage on each layer are also changed.