• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.388-397
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of informational intervention delivered by electronic patient information board in the OR waiting room for reduction of anxiety of mothers with child having operation. Method: Nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design was used in this study. The subjects was 52 mothers whose children underwent elective surgery in one Pediatric Hospital. Informational intervention in this study consisted of four critical stages. State anxiety by Spielberger, mean arterial pressure, and heart rates at preoperative and postoperative period were measured. The data were analyzed by using Chi-Square test and t-test with SPSS/PC 10.0 program. Results: 1) There was a significant difference in the state anxiety between the control and the experimental groups. 2) There was no significant difference in the mean arterial pressure between the two groups. 3) There was no significant difference in the heart rate between the two groups. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that informational intervention delivered by electronic patient information board would be an effective intervention during the operation in reducing anxiety of mothers with child having operation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.59-68
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of $GB_{41}$ supplementation and $BL_{66}$ draining on changes in cerebral blood flow in normal rats. Methods : Regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) and mean arterial blood pressure(MABP) in normal rats are observed, and those mechanisms were also investigated with pre-treatment of indomethacin(IDM) and methylene blue(MTB) each. Results : In this study, $GB_{41}$ supplementation and $BL_{66}$ draining elevated rCBF in time-dependent manner. Pre-treatment with indomethacin(IDM), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, inhibited increase of rCBF effectively. But pre-treatment with methylene blue(MTB), an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, didn't affect rCBF levels. In addition, pre-treatment with IDM also decreased MABP levels. Conclusions : In conclusion, these results suggest that $GB_{41}$ supplementation and $BL_{66}$ draining is effective to increase rCBF, and the mechanisms are thought to be related to cyclooxygenase pathways.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.915-921
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• 2012

In this study, we propose a new method for estimating the IMEP using difference pressure, which is the pressure difference between the cylinder pressure and the motoring pressure. The estimated IMEP, denoted as $IMEP_{diff}$, optimizes the theoretical IMEP calculation range based on the fact that the difference pressure exists between the start and the end of combustion. $IMEP_{diff}$ is verified to have a high linear correlation with IMEP with $R^2$ of 0.9955. The proposed method can estimate the IMEP with 21% of the cylinder pressure data and 31% of the calculation effort compared to the theoretical IMEP calculation method, and therefore, it has great potential for real-time implementations. The estimation and control performance of $IMEP_{diff}$ is validated by engine experiments, and by controlling $IMEP_{diff}$, the torque variation between the cylinders was reduced.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.178-185
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• 2002

The object of this paper is to investigate the effects of early fuel evaporators on cold driveability of gasoline passenger cars. Experiment has been carried out for the assessment cold start performance and cold driveability. And fuel consumption rate, emission and cylinder pressure were measured. On the base of combustion pressure of cylinder, rate of heat release, cumulative heat release amount and burned mass fraction are evaluated. The results show that fuel consumption rate is increased by 17.7%, monoxide and hydrocarbon were reduced by 23% and by 45% respectively, fluctuations of indicated mean effective pressure and maximum combustion pressure were increased by 4∼6%, fuel consumption rate per power was improved by 0.2∼2.3%. These are caused by the fact maximum heat release period and main combustion period are getting short.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.327-347
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• 2015

This paper investigates the effects of Reynolds number (Re) on the aerodynamic characteristics of a twin-deck bridge. A 1:36 scale sectional model of a twin girder bridge was tested using the Wall of Wind (WOW) open jet wind tunnel facility at Florida International University (FIU). Static tests were performed on the model, instrumented with pressure taps and load cells, at high wind speeds with Re ranging from $1.3{\times}10^6$ to $6.1{\times}10^6$ based on the section width. Results show that the section was almost insensitive to Re when pitched to negative angles of attack. However, mean and fluctuating pressure distributions changed noticeably for zero and positive wind angles of attack while testing at different Re regimes. The pressure results suggested that with the Re increase, a larger separation bubble formed on the bottom surface of the upstream girder accompanied with a narrower wake region. As a result, drag coefficient decreased mildly and negative lift coefficient increased. Flow modification due to the Re increase also helped in distributing forces more equally between the two girders. The bare deck section was found to be prone to vortex shedding with limited dependence on the Re. Based on the observations, vortex mitigation devices attached to the bottom surface were effective in inhibiting vortex shedding, particularly at lower Re regime.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.295-302
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• 2000

Earthquakes not only produce additional load on the structures and underlying soil, but also change the strength characteristics of the soil. Therefore, in order to analyze soil structures for stability, the behaviour after earthquake must be considered. In this paper, a series of cyclic triaxial tests and monotonic triaxial tests were carried out to investigate the undrained shear strength and liquefaction strength characteristics of Nak-Dong River sand soils which were subjected to cyclic loading. The sample was consolidated in the first stage and then subjected to stress controlled cyclic loading with 0.1Hz. After the cyclic loading, the cyclic-induced excess pore water pressure was dissipated by opening the drainage valve and the sample was reconsolidated to the initial effective mean principal stress(p/sub c/'). After reconsolidation, the monotonic loading or cyclic loading were applied to the specimen. In the results, the undrained shear strength and liquefaction strength characteristics depended on the pore pressure ratio(Ur=U/p/sub c/'). The volume change following reconsolidation can be a function of cyclic-induced excess pore water pressure and the maximum double amplitude of axial strain.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1692-1701
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• 2001

This study describes the combustion characteristics under various condition of air excess ratio and ignition timing in a 2-valve SI optically accessible engine with swirl control valve(SCV). It adapted three different types of SCV(open ratio 72.5%, 78%, 59%) to strengthen a swirl flow. Pressure data were acquired using pressure sensor to investigate the effect of swirl flow on combustion, and from these pressure data, IMEP(indicated mean effective pressure) and MFB(mass fraction burnt) were calculated to explain burn rate and flame speed. From acquired flame images, we inspected the flame propagation direction, flame area, and flame centroid. Flame propagation direction showed different tendency between with/without SCV, and flame area with SCV was faster and larger than that of conventional engine. Finally, the representative flame images at each crank angle were acquired by PDF method to verify flame growth process. It is found that strengthened swirl flow is more beneficial for faster and stable combustion.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.117-124
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• 2020

The present research focuses on a methodology to describe shearing response of clay with respect to temperature. An increase of temperature shifts the normal consolidation line to move down in the plane of void ratio and mean effective stress. The critical state line, however, does not move as much as the normal consolidation line in accordance with temperature increase. As temperature increase, therefore, the difference between the critical state mean effective stress and the pre-consolidation pressure reduces. To reflect this easily, the present study applies a bounding surface consisting of two parts divided by the critical state mean effective stress. This study calibrated a bounding surface for the soft Bangkok clay and performed elemental simulation for undrained triaxial compression tests. The elemental simulation showed that the model can describe the mechanical response upon temperature of clay without complex hardening and evolution rules compared to the experimental data.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.77-82
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation application on the autonomic nervous system of human body. Methods: Participants were seventeen healthy adults. Standard deviation of all normal N-N intervals(SDNN), root mean square of successive differences(RMSSD), low frequency(LF), high frequency(HF) were compared in pre and post Mean values after intervention. Data were analyzed in Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test. Results: The results of this study is that sistolic blood pressure and pulse rate decreased mean value after non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. High frequency, low frequency, SDNN, RMSSD increased mean value in heart rate variability after intervention. But that is not significant except for SDNN. Conclusion: Non-invasive vagus stimulation by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation effect on parasympathetic nerve stimulation, and then it might be effective method for autonomic nerve balance control.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.321-331
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of case management service for hypertensive elderly patients through the customized visiting home health care program. Method: Non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was employed. Data were collected from April 2007 to January 2009. Among a total of fifty subjects, 25 subjects were belonged to the case management group and the others were belonged to the general management group. Results: 1) In experimental group, significant increasing rate of number of people within normal blood pressure by time, but no significant increasing rate of number of people within normal blood neutral fat, total cholesterol, HDL, & LDL. 2) In experimental group, the score of knowledge about disease and healthy life practice were increased on 8 week period but decreased on follow up period. Number of people within normal blood HDL and mean score of healthy life practice were significantly higher than control group on follow up period. Conclusion: Case management service was effective on controlling blood pressure but partly effective on blood lipid, knowledge about disease, and healthy life practice in hypertensive patients. Further study is needed to conduct a periodic re-evaluation of the effect of case management and to verify an optimal interval to provide the case management service.