• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.215-227
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• 1994

Changes in total lipid content, total cholesterol content and fatty acid composition of preterm milk were investigated during early lactation. Milk samples were collected from Korean mothers of 16 premature(34 to 36 weeks gestation age) infants on day 2 to 5(colostrum) and at 6 weeks(mature) postpartum. We estimated the lipid nutrition of preterm milk by comparing with the lipids of term milk. The total lipid content of preterm colostrum was significantly lower than the lipid content of preterm mature milk(p<0.001). Lipid content, determined gravimetrically in colostrum and matured milk, was 1.50g/이 and 3.2g/dl, respectively. Also the total cholesterol content(mg/dl) in preterm milk tends to increase from 14.16mg/dl to 15.20mg/dl, while the total cholesterol(mg/g lipid) concentration higher significantly in colostrum(12.36mg/g) than in mature(5.73mg/g)(p<0.001). The total unsaturated fatty acid contents in preterm milk were higher in colostrum than in mature milk and the total saturated fatty acids were higher in mature milk. The average DHA contents of colostrum and matured milk was 0.64%, 0.53% and the P/M/S ratio of preterm milk were 0.63 : 1.05 : 1.00, 0.47 : 0.79 : 1.00, respectively. Also, $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio of preterm milk were 2.35 in colostrum and 5.81 in mature. Therefore, colostrum in preterm milk contained higher amounts of $\omega$3 PUFA than mature milk. The levels of total lipid in preterm milk were higher than term milk. Also, preterm milk is richer in cholesterol, and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid than term. It appears that the milk secreted by mothers who delivered prematurely differs from milk in several important respect. These components may serve as precursors for membrane, myelin development in the preterm infants. Therefore, it would be necessary to study further into the machanism of how the gestation age might affect to the lipid composition in human milk. These data may provide a basis for better construction of infant formaulas to provide more adequately for the lipid requirements of the Korean premature infant.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 1994

The changes of vitamin A contents of transitional (7th day postpartum) and mature (60th day postpartum) milk were comparatively studied from 20 Korean lactating women to provide the basic information for recommended dietary allowances. The mean retinol contents($\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$) of transitional milk in primiparae and multiiparae were 79.71 (${\pm}$50.61) and 73.43(${\pm}$31.02) and those of mature milk in primiparae and multiparae were 44.73(${\pm}$19.03) and 38.25(${\pm}$17.63) respectively. The mean ${\beta}$-carotene contents ($\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$) of transitional milk in primiparae and multiparae were 10.44(${\pm}$7.43) and 14.15(${\pm}$11.81) and those of mature milk in primiparae and multiparae were 4.97(${\pm}$2.22) and 5.36(${\pm}$4.23) respectively. The total content of vitamin A($\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$) in transitional milk was 81.44(${\pm}$ 51.47) in primiparae and 75.79(${\pm}$31.99) in multiparae, and those of mature milk in primiparae and multiparae were 45.56(${\pm}$19.12) and 39.14(${\pm}$17.73) respectively. The vitamin A content decreased with increase of lactation period. The mean content of vitamin A between primiparae and multiparae during lactation was not significantly different (p>0.05) However, there was a significant difference in the total vitamin A contents according to lactation period. The average content($\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$) of retinol in lactating mothers delivered boys and girls were 74.45 (${\pm}$43.84) and 78.96(${\pm}$35.98) in transitional milk, 40.27(${\pm}$16.61) and 42.51(${\pm}$21.22) in mature milk, respectively. However, no significant difference was found between retinol contents contentscontentsin lactating mothers delivered boys and girls. The average contents($\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$) of ${\beta}$-carotene in lactating mothers delivered boys and girls were 11.34(${\pm}$4.27) in mature milk. The contents($\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$) of total vitamin A was significantly different (p<0.05) between transitional and mature milk the difference of total vitamin A content between lactating mothers delivered boys and girls. and primiparae and multiparae was not significant(p>0.05) As a result the contents of vitamin A, retinol and ${\beta}$-carotene in transitional and mature milk decreased according to the increase of lactation period.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.593-602
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• 2021

Mammalian milk including microRNAs (miRNAs) as a novel class of noncoding RNAs, that can be transferred to infants and it plays on a critical role in biological functions such as immune regulation and development. However, the origin and functional importance of milk-derived miRNAs are still undetermined. This study applied RNA sequencing to explore the featured profiles of miRNA expression in colostrum and mature milk-originated exosomes from human, bovine, and caprine milk. These dietary exosome-derived miRNAs are highly conserved in human, bovine and caprine milk. Interestingly, abundant miRNAs expressed in human milk are similarly conserved across species. In addition, we confirmed that immune-related miRNAs (miR-30a-5p, miR-22-3p, and miR-26a) are commonly observed in the colostrum and mature milk of cows and caprines as well as humans. Our results provide new insights and resources for investigating the functionality of immune-associated miRNAs and evaluating physiological and biological condition in human, bovine and caprine milk as biomarkers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.406-414
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• 1995

Nitrogen(N) concentration of preterm(PT) and term (T) milk in various fractions, such as total, protein, nonprotein, whey protein and casein were determined at 2-5 days, 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of postpartum. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nitrogen concentration of human milk from mothers delivering at preterm and term, and the propriety of preterm milk for premature infants. The concentration of total N, nonprotein N, protein N, whey protein N and casein N in preterm milk was decreased significantly with time postpartum. Total N was 374mg/이 at colostrum, 232mg/dl at mature milk. Whey protein N was decreased from 42mg/dl at 2-5 days to 32mg/dl at 4-6 weeks. Protein N was 332mg/dl at colostrum, 202mg/dl at mature milk. The proportion of whey protein N and casein N were 39:61 at colostrum, 28:72 at mature milk. No difference were found between T and PT milk for total nitrogen excepted 2 weeks. In this report we show that nitrogen concentration except casetpt casein N is smaller in milk from mothers giving birth prematurely than in milk from mothers giving birth at term, over the first two weeks of lactationl But protein N was higher in preterm milk than term milk, whey protein nitrogen was lower. By comparing predicted nitrogen intakes to estimated requirements of preterm infants fed 150 to 200ml/kg/day of their own mother's milk, we predict that the quantities of protein provided would be adequate to meet the requirements of the prematured infants during the early weeks of life.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.872-879
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• 1995

The changes of selenium and zine contents of transitional milk and mature milk at 7 and 60 days postpartum were comparatively studied on 20 Korean lactating women. the selenium and zinc contents of transitional milk and mature milk were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer after wet-digestion. The mean selenium contents wer 12.2$\mu\textrm{g}$ /ι and 11.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ι at 7 and 60 days postpartum, respectively. The mean zinc contents decreased significantly from 4.23mg/ι at 7 days to 1.62mg/ι at 60 days postpartum (p<0.05).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.809-816
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal nutritional status and health behaviors on the concentrations of minerals (Zn, Fe, Ca) and the immunological substances (lactoferrin, sIgA, Iysozyme) in breast milk. Breast milk was collected from 193 healthy Korean women from obstetric clinics and postpartum care centers in Seoul. : 99 colostrum (1 - 5 days postpartum), 33 transitional milk (6 - 10 days postpartum), 61 mature milk (11 - 50 days postpartum). The concentrations of minerals and immunological substance were highest in colostrum and decreased with lactational period. Concentrations of Zn and Fe reduced significantly from colostrum to mature milk, however, Ca concentration stayed constant throughout the lactational period. Contents of lactoferrin, sIgA, and lysozyme were significantly lower in mature milk than in colostrum. Mother's nutritional status, assessed by prepregnancy BMI, had an effect only on colostrum, but not on transition and mature milk. Fe concentration of colostrum was significantly lower in underweight (prepregnancy BMI < 18.5) than in overweight mothers (prepregnancy BMI $\geq$ 23.0). Also lower tendency was observed for sIgA and lysozyme contents, even though the difference was not statistically significant. Pregnancy weight gain had no effect on the breast milk component. Since nutritional factors had some effect on colostrum, the health behaviors of mothers providing colostrum were assessed. The mother's behavior of smoking, drinking, morning sickness, parity, disease, nutrient supplement use had no significant effect on the breast milk component, however, Zn, sIgA, and lysozyme were the somewhat affected components by maternal health behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.35-36
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• 1982

Lipid composition of human milk samples (ten colostrum and 10 mature) was analyzed by quantitative thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detector. Six kinds of lipid components existed in human milk. Among them, triglyceride which was most abundant lipid component showed significantly lower levels in colostrum than in mature milk. Other lipid components have no significant differences between colostrum and mature milk.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2004

The objectives of the present study were to measure the content of iron, copper and zinc in human milk and to estimate the intake of iron, copper and zinc of breast-fed infants during the early period of lactation. Twenty-five lactating women who delivered in a hospital in Seoul volunteered for the study. Milk samples were collected at day 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15 and 30 postpartum. The contents of iron, copper and zinc were determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer after wet digestion. The intakes of iron, copper and zinc of infants were estimated by multiplization with the infant milk intake reported in our laboratory. The content of iron was 0.58 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in colostrum, 0.48 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in transitional milk and 0.39 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in mature milk while the estimated iron intake of infants was 271, 255 and 259 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day, respectively. The content of copper in the milk was 0.45 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in colostrum, 0.43 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in transitional milk and 0.33 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in mature milk while the estimated copper intake of infants was 210, 229 and 220 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day, respectively. The content of zinc in the milk was 5.24 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in colostrum, 3.70 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in transitional milk, 2.93 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in mature milk while the estimated zinc intake of infants was 2452, 1968, and 1949 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day, respectively. These results suggest that copper and zinc intake of infants are met to RDA but iron is not.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.33-36
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• 1985

The fatty acid composition of Phospholipids from human mature milk, modified milk formula and market milk were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The levels of 8:0, 10:0, 19:0, 20:0 and 22:0 were significantly higher in modified milk formula than in human milk. The levels of 14:0 and 16:0 were significantly lower in modified milk formula than in human milk. Modified milk formula had a higher $18:2{\omega}6$ content than human milk (17.9 versus 7.9%). The metabolites of the ${\omega}$9-, ${\omega}$6-$ and ${\omega}$3-series showed lower levels in modified milk formula than in human milk. The fatty acid composition of phospholipids from modified milk formula was similar to that of market milk.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 1985

Changes in fatty acid composition of phospholipids from human milk during the course of lactation were determined in milk from Korean lactating mothers giving birth at term. The levels of 8 : 0 increased significantly from colostral to transitional stages with a further small decrease at mature stage. The proportions of 10 : 0, 12 : 0 and 14 : 0 increased markedly from colostrum to transitional to mature milk. The w6-derived long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, 20 : 2w5, 20 : 4w6 and 22 : 4w5, were decreased with time of lactation. The levels of 24 : 1w9 were significantly higher in transitional milk than in colostrum and then significantly decreased to lowers than the colostral levels at mature milk.