• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 1996

The purpose of this study were i)to investigate children's perceived social support and satisfaction with level of social support and ii) to investigate the relations between children's social support and their adjustment. Subjects of this study were 412 children from the 5-6th grades of elementary school and the data were analyzed by GLM analysis canonical correlation analysis using SAS. The results were as follows: 1)Children's perceived social support levels differed across support providers and support types. 2) A canonical correlation analysis of the children's social support and the children's adjustment demonstrated that perceived maternal and peer support levels were most highly correlated to children's adjustment and satisfaction with the social support of providers in this study was highly correlated to children's adjustment.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.673-682
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to develop a model which explains factors influencing caring behavior of mothers who have children with disabilities, and to verify the appropriateness of the model and the relationship among variables. Methods: The participants in the research were the mothers who had a 3 to 12 yr-old children with disabilities. The data were collected from 451 mothers through self-reported questionnaires from July 14 to 31, 2008. A total of the 371 data sets were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 11.5 and AMOS 5.0 version. Results: The children's behavior characteristics, social support, objective burden and parenting self-esteem had an impact on the mothers' caring behavior. Especially, parenting self-esteem including parenting satisfaction and self-efficacy was the most influential factor. These variables explained 77% of the mothers' caring behavior for these children. Conclusion: The results suggest that some strategies for promoting mothers' parenting self-esteem focused on parenting satisfaction and self-efficacy should be developed in order to help mothers in caring for their child who is disabled.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between maternal knowledge and social support on pregnancy stress among pregnant women in Korea. Methods: The participants in this study were 148 pregnant women in Korea, recruited from online communities on pregnancy and/or childbirth, from June 2019 to April 2020. The collected data were analyzed using the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. Results: Participants were at average 18.25±8.28 weeks gestation, 56% were in the second trimester, 31% had one or more health issues in the current pregnancy (e.g., hyperemesis gravidarum), and 76% were first-time mothers. Participants had moderate levels of pregnancy stress (mean, 23.09±7.11 points out of 48) and maternal knowledge (mean, 14.42±4.67 points out of 21), whereas social support was somewhat high (mean 45.88±7.81 points out of 60). Pregnancy stress was weakly negatively correlated with social support (r=-.37, p<.001). Main source of pregnancy information (β=-.21, p=.011), marital satisfaction (β=-.18, p=.036), and social support (β=-.19, p=.038) were identified as significant factors affecting pregnancy stress, and these variables had an explanatory power of 22.7% for pregnancy stress. Conclusion: Based on these findings, nurses should assess pregnancy-related stress during pregnancy and consider main source of pregnancy information and marital satisfaction when providing education or counseling. Moreover, strategies to reduce pregnancy stress through social support are needed to improve the quality of life for pregnant women.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.76-85
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• 1998

Rearing is important to the growth and development of the child. Traditionally, nurturing is a maternal role which is expressive role. Maternal role was composed of mothering and maternicity. Rearing is a key concept of psychology, education and sociology discipline. Knowledge of the rearing is an essential component for the development of nursing as a science and a profession. The first thing to study a concept is thought to be a concept analysis. So, in this study, concept analysis of the rearing was performed to clarify a concept of the rearing as a basis for the study of rearing afterward. The approach used for the concept analysis was the approach presented by Walker and Avant (1993). The defining attributes of rearing, identified in this study were (1) a series of caring activities in parent-child relation, (2) an essential of the growth and development of a child, (3) changeable according to time, place and object, (4) effort is necessary to the rearing, (5) positive or negative aspects (6) attitude, behavior, environment is sub-concepts of the rearing concept. The identified antecedents of the rearing was child-birth. The identified consequences of rearing were desirable or undesirable outcomes. Desirable outcome was the emotional satisfaction and growth in parent-child relation. Undesirable outcome was the emotional disorder and social maladaptation of the child. The empirical referents of the rearing could be the caring phenomena in parent-child relation.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.2 s.80
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• pp.149-163
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• 2006

The purposes of this study were to explore ecological variables that affect family functions and to analyze relative magnitudes of significant predictors. The study employed ecological model. Data were collected from 143 mothers of mildly handicapped children enrolled in integrated kindergartens in Seoul, Korea. The results of the study were as follows : 1. The level of family functions with mildly handicapped children were found to be moderate(M=3.21, SD=.49). 2. The hierarchical regression analysis yielded Model V as the most powerful model, explaining 79%$(Adjusted\;R^2=.787)$ of the variance. 3. The most powerful predictors throughout Model I to V were found to be maternal efficacy $({\beta}=.578,\;p<.001)$, maternal satisfaction with parent-education and counseling programs $({\beta}=.249,\;p<.001)$, husband's helps $({\beta}=.207,\;p<.01)$, and the availability of assistance other than family members $({\beta}=.232,\;p<.05)$ in the order.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to establish the relative influences of individual variables (sex, age, temperament) and mother's psychosocial variables (maternal attitude, parenting stress, marriage satisfaction) on daily stress levels and maladjustment of young children attending at daycare centers. Subjects were 224 pairs of children and their mothers, and 18 teachers from 5 child-care centers in Gwangju City. Children were tested individually using 22-item daily stress inventory with illustrations which described certain stressful situations. Questionnaires were also administered to mothers and teachers. Collected data were subjected to Cronbach's $\alpha$, correlation and multiple regression analysis using SPSS (WIN 14.0) program. The major findings were as follows; Overall average score of children's daily stress was equivalent with the median. 'Blame and attack situation' and 'anxiety and frustrated situation' were perceived as more stressful for children than 'lose self-respect situation'. Overall average score of children's maladjustment was lower than the median. 'Overactivity' was highest among subscores of maladjustment. Age was the only significant influential factor on children's daily stress level. Sex was the most influential factor on 'overactivity', 'aggression', and 'regression' of young children. Activity and maternal stress were the second most influential factor on 'overactivity' and 'aggression', respectively.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.245-255
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• 2003

Purpose: This study is to define the structural patterns of pregnancy motivation of married women. Method: Q-methodology was used on 110 statements collected from interviews with women and a literature review. 38 Q-samples were selected. The Q-samples were administerd to 30 randomized P-sample. Result: Data analysis of Q-type obtained by QUANL program shows three types of subjectivity in the perception of pregnancy motivation. Type 1, $\ulcorner$Family-connection strengthening$\lrcorner$, Pregnancy motivation is characterized by the tendency to make home, to tie family member, to connect couple firmly. Type 2, $\ulcorner$Self-satisfaction$\lrcorner$, Women of this type take pleasure and happiness from child rearing in terms of being a mother and having maternal affection. Type 3, $\ulcorner$Self-centered$\lrcorner$, This type of pregnancy motivation puts on high emphasis on self achievement and they make a family planning suitable for the maternal role. Conclusion: The stronger was women's pregnancy motivation, the more positive were women's pregnancy experience and maternal role attainment. Conclusion: Therefore, When nurses take care of pregnancy women, they should understand the women's psycho-social aspects and then apply a program of nursing intervention to the pregnant women, It is necessary to continue to study on social and psychological problems related to pregnancy.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2013

Purpose: Ethiopia is one of the sub-Saharan countries most affected by high maternal and infant mortality. The government has trained health extension workers (HEWs), the community health workers, to deliver preventive and basic curative health services to community residents in Ethiopia. Very few studies have investigated on-the-job educational effects for HEWs on improvement of their knowledge and performance confidence in maternal and child health care (MCH). This study aimed at identifying the educational effects for HEWs in one health center in Tigray, Ethiopia on improvement of their knowledge in MCH. Methods: Twelve HEWs from 6 health posts participated in this study. A health center officer provided a total of 5 educational sessions on antenatal and postnatal care, family planning, and newborn care from August, 2012 to April, 2013. Ten to 12 items regarding the topics were tested before and after each education. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data. Results: All the HEWs were female with average 4-year working experience. Their knowledge significantly increased after education, except the first session. Their satisfaction on education was greater than 45 points out of 50. Conclusion: This study suggests a focused education for HEWs should continue to improve their capacity on MCH.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.345-358
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop an empowering education program for Maternal-Fetal Intensive Care Unit (MFICU) nurses who provide intensive care to high-risk mother and fetus at hospitals, to test effects of the education program on nursing care confidence and nursing knowledge, and to examine program satisfaction. Methods: This study comprised of 2 phases: program development and evaluation. First, we have followed a process of program development to develop and refine an empowering education program for MFICU nurses through collaborative works among clinical obstetrics and gynecology doctors and nurses and academic nursing professors. Second, the empowering education program was provided to 49 nurses and evaluated from July 5 to 6, 2019. Levels of MFICU nursing care confidence and knowledge were measured. Results: The empowering education program included 18 hours of lectures, discussion, and Q & A, which continued for 2 days. This program significantly improved high-risk maternal-fetal nursing care confidence and knowledge of nurses. The program was well met with nurses' education need and goals, and found to be highly satisfactory. Conclusion: The empowering education program was observed to be effective in terms of improve nursing care confidence and knowledge of nurses in MFICU. It is proposed that this program should be open regularly for nurses to obtain and improve their clinical knowledge, confidence, and competency. Further study is needed to develop and run 2-levels of education such as basic and advanced levels based on nurses' clinical background and competency.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among children's perceived parental attachment, parental happiness, and children's autonomy, and to find out in detail the influence of parental attachment and parental happiness on children's autonomy. Frequency analysis and descriptive statistical analysis were performed on data from the 12th year of the Korean Children's Panel (2019), and Pearson's moment correlation coefficient was calculated for correlation analysis between variables. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the influence of parental attachment and parental happiness on children's autonomy. The research results were as follows. First, parental attachment perceived by children, parental happiness, and children's autonomy were all positively correlated. Second, among the sub-variables of parental attachment, maternal trust, paternal trust, and maternal communication were found to have an influence, and only maternal happiness was found to have an effect on parental happiness. This means that parental attachment acts as a more important variable than parental happiness. Therefore, we need constant attention and effort to support children in a more intimate and stable relationship with their parents so that they can gain life satisfaction through active and proactive choices and decisions.