• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.108-123
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• 2024

In particular, as the current educational institutions are becoming more competitive, universities need to make efforts to survive the fierce competition by improving their service qualities. In this situation, this study was conducted to confirm the effect of international students' evaluation of university service quality on university loyalty through university satisfaction and service engagements, And several implications can be suggested as follows. First, the dimensions of university service quality were identified as important factors that had a great influence on the university satisfaction of international students. Among the service quality dimensions, support services related to international students were found to be the most important variable in university satisfaction. The school's efforts to solve the inconvenience of international students and the grievances of students who feel difficulties that their own students do not feel are considered a very important factor in the satisfaction of international students. Second, it was found that international students' class engagement or friendship engagement can be increased through satisfaction with the school, and eventually, the increased engagements affect university loyalty. In particular, it has been verified that for international students, the loyalty of the school can be increased by establishing friendships with students from various countries and participating in various school programs. Finally, according to the purposes of studying abroad, the difference was confirmed between the groups studying for academic development and better employment and the group employed for overseas experience and immigration.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.46-59
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to understand how the image of a tourist destination perceived by potential tourists, who indirectly experience negative incidents through social media, affects their behavioral intentions. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, the relationship between image and behavioral intention is explained through attitudes toward the destination, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Furthermore, the study analyzes whether the quality of the relationship with the tourist destination perceived by potential tourists moderates the relationship between the image of the destination and attitudes toward it when exposed to negative incidents. A scenario-based survey was conducted with 256 potential Chinese tourists. The results showed that the overall image of the destination had a positive effect (+) on attitudes toward the destination, subjective norms, and perceived control. In turn, attitudes toward the destination, subjective norms, and perceived control all positively (+) influenced behavioral intentions. Lastly, the moderating effect of relationship quality between overall image and attitudes toward the destination was verified. The implications of this study suggest that when negative incidents occur at a tourist destination, negative images can be perceived. Therefore, local governments should ensure thorough inspections and enforcement regarding pricing, services, and illegal operations to prevent such occurrences. Additionally, destination marketers should strive to enhance marketing management and promotion efforts, particularly working to establish positive relationship quality with tourists who have previously visited the destination.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2009

Milk is called an almost complete food in terms of nutrition, especially for the younger generations because it contains a number of nutrients required for growth and development. Lactose intolerance is defined as a malabsorption of lactose in the intestine with some typical symptoms of abdominal pains and bloating, and occurred at 75% of global populations, which hampers milk consumption worldwide. Lacks of milk consumption in the underdeveloped countries frequently lead to many nutrients deficiencies, so that diseases including osteoporosis, hypertension, and colon cancer are more prevalent in the recent days. Lactose in foods needs to be hydrolyzed prior to intestinal absorption. The hydrolytic enzyme responsible for splitting lactose into its monomeric forms, glucose and galactose, is called as lactase or $\beta$-galactosidase. The former is primarily used as blood sugar and energy source and the latter used in glycolipid synthesis of brain tissues in infants. Lactose is clinically diagnosed with the breath hydrogen production test as well as intestinal biopsy. Reportedly, symptoms of lactose intolerance are widely prevalent at 25% of Europeans, 50 to 80% of Hispanics, South Indians, Africans, and Jews, almost 100% of Asians and native Americans. For the adults, phenotype of lactase persistence, which is able to hydrolyse lactose, is more common in the northern Europeans, but in the other area lactase non-persistence or adult-type hypolactasia is dominant. Genetic analysis on human lactase gene continued that lactase persistence was closely related to the err site of 1390 single nucleotide polymorphism from the 5'-end. To alleviate severity of lactose intolerance symptoms, some eating patterns including drinking milk a single cup or less, consumption along with other foods, whole milk rather than skimmed milk, and drink with live yogurt cultures, are highly recommended for the lactose maldigesters. Also, delay of gastric emptying is effective to avoid the symptoms from lactose intolerance. Frequency of lactose intolerance with conventional diagnosis is thought overestimated mainly because the subjects are exposed to too much lactose of 50 g rather than a single serving amount. Thus simple and accurate diagnostic method for lactose intolerance need to be established. It is thought that fermented milk products and low- or free lactose milks help improve currently stagnant milk consumption due to lactose intolerance which contributes to major barrier in milk marketing especially in Asian countries.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the lifestyle of dental consumers and their hospital satisfaction level in an attempt to lay the foundation for successful dental marketing strategy setting. The subjects in this study were 720 medical consumers who visited dental institutions in Jeolla buk-do province. A survey was conducted from October 1 to December 1, 2006, with self-administered questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Science) 12.0 program to find out their lifestyle and hospital satisfaction level. Concerning the impact of lifestyle on satisfaction with dental institutions, lifestyle made a difference to the satisfaction level of the hospital users with promptness and economicality(p < 0.001). As to connections between hospital-reuse intention and satisfaction level, those who were willing to reuse the dental institutions they had visited expressed better satisfaction with promptness(p < 0.05). As for links between health-related lifestyle and hospital satisfaction level, health conscious style, health promoting style health unconscious styles had a statistically significantly positive relationship to hospital satisfaction level, which showed a significant relationship between the three lifestyles and hospital satisfaction level. As for factors affecting reuse of dental institutions, it's found that their intention to reuse the same dental institution they had visited was linked to their satisfaction level with it, what made them choose it and their health-related lifestyle. In the future, more precise and in-depth questionnaires should be developed to analyze the health-related lifestyle of medical consumers.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.255-262
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the difficulties of dairy farms in practicing 6th industrialization and methods for overcoming these difficulties. A qustionnaire survey was carried out to examine the present states of farms, recognition of the farmstead milk-processing market situation, possibility of farmstead milk processing for reducing the raw milk surplus, assessment of government policies, and difficulties dairy farmers confront in realizing the 6th industrialization. Farm sizes, types, and human resources organizations varied between farms. Most farmers were producing yogurt and/or fresh (string or barbecue) cheeses, which were marketed through 'Visit and Purchase' channel. Farmers who answered the questionnaire were relatively positive about the current situation of farmstead milk processing, expecting to be involved in the disposal of excess raw milk. Nevertheless, they responded negatively about current relevant policies, citing the main difficulties caused by 'excessive regulation'. Other barriers to successful '6th industrialization' are difficulties in marketing and lack of funds. Approximately 19% of dairy farms practicing the '6th industrialization' use automatic milking system (AMS) and 38.46% of dairy farmers whose milking depends on conventional milking system intend to introduce AMS in the future. Positive expectations of AMS adoption were mostly related to 'lack of time and labor', 'exhibiting for tourism', and 'succession of dairying'.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.134-141
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• 2014

This study was examined the pollinating activity and the economical effect according to numbers released of Apis mellifera in the $825m^2$ strawberry (Seolhyang var.) vinyl-houses. The time-zone of pollinating activity relative to numbers of honeycomb released at the strawberry (Seolhyang var.) vinyl-houses was together from 9A.M. to 4P.M., and the peak time of pollinating activity was 11A.M.. The effects on pollinating activity relative to the honeycomb numbers in the honeybee hive released at the strawberry houses were ordered 5 honeycombs (11,000 heads), 4 honeycombs (8,800 heads) and 3 honeycombs (6,600 heads). The rate of workers lost in A. mellifera hives with 5 honeybee combs and 4 honeycombs during the strawberry cultivating period were lower than that of 3 honeycombs. The rates of fruit set by pollinating activity relative to the honeycomb numbers in the honeybee hive released at the strawberry vinyl-houses were same level with over 98%. The fruit qualities; No. of seeds, sugar content and rate of normal fruit set were same level, but fruit weights were ordered 5 honeycombs in 37.2 g, 4 honeycombs in 35.6 g and 3 honeycombs in 32.6 g. The marketing incomes of 4 honeycombs and 5 honeycombs were 9% to 13% higher than that of 3 honeycombs, respectively. Therefore, when the strawberry (Seolhyang var.) was planted at $825m^2$ of a vinyl-houses, it was surveyed that the most suitable numbers of honeycomb were over 4 honeycombs (8,800 heads).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2019

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of whole crop rice (WCR) based TMR on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. WCR "Yeongwoo"was harvested at yellow ripen stage and ensiled for 60 days. The crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) content was 8.4 %, 28.0 %, 53.8 %, 72.4 % and 66.8 %, respectively. For silage quality, pH was 4.37 and lactic and butyric acid content were 2.84 and 0.04 % in DM. Sixteen Hanwoo steers (8-mon-old) were allocated into either a control (commercial TMR) and WCR-TMR (WCR-based TMR) group. The TMR were fed according to the feeding stage phase: growing (Initiate~14 month), early fattening (15 month~21 month) and late fattening (22 month~30 month). The body weight of control group increased (P<0.05) until early fattening stage, but late growing stage of WCR-TMR group was higher than that of control (P<0.05). Average daily gain (ADG) was significantly greater (P<0.05) in WCR-TMR group (total 0.78 kg/head) compared to control (total 0.66 kg/head) except for late fattening stage. The marketing weight and carcass weight were higher in WCR-TMR group (726 vs 765 kg; 417.8 vs 450.4 kg). The back fat thickness (11.75 vs 13.00 mm), Longissimus dorsi area (88.00 vs $89.88cm^2$) and yield index (65.87 vs 64.30) were not different between the two groups (P>0.05) and also no difference in meat yield grade (A : B : C = 2 : 4 : 2). Marbling score (4.00 vs 4.13), meat color (4.75 vs 4.75), fat color (3.13 vs 2.88), texture (1.25 vs 1.50) and maturity (2.00 vs 2.00) were not significant difference between the two groups and meat quality grade ($1^{{+}{+}}:1^+:1:2:3=0:2:4:2:0$) was also not different. In conclusion, TMR feeding based on WCR silage showed superiority in carcass yield and ADG compared to control TMR. It is considered that the use of WCR for feed is a necessary option for the substitution of the imported forages and the government's policy for rice production adjustment.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.197-214
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• 2024

This study aimed to investigate students' perceptions at science and technology specialized universities towards entrepreneurship support policies and to derive policy improvement measures by applying a bottom-up approach to reflect the requirements of the policy beneficiaries, i.e., the students. Specifically, the research explored effective execution strategies for student entrepreneurship support policies through a survey and analysis of KAIST students. The findings revealed that KAIST students recognize the urgent need for improvement in sharing policy objectives with the student entrepreneurship field, reflecting the opinions of the campus entrepreneurship scene in policy formulation, and constructing an entrepreneurship-friendly academic system for nurturing student entrepreneurs. Additionally, there was a highlighted need for enhancement in the capacity of implementing agencies, as well as in marketing and market development capabilities, and organizational management and practical skills as entrepreneurs within the educational curriculum. Consequently, this study proposes the following improvement measures: First, it calls for enhanced transparency and accessibility of entrepreneurship support policies, ensuring students clearly understand policy objectives and can easily access information. Second, it advocates for student-centered policy development, where students' opinions are actively incorporated to devise customized policies that consider their needs and the actual entrepreneurship environment. Third, there is a demand for improving entrepreneurship-friendly academic systems, encouraging more active participation in entrepreneurship activities by adopting or refining academic policies that recognize entrepreneurship activities as credits or expand entrepreneurship-related courses. Based on these results, it is expected that this research will provide valuable foundational data to actively support student entrepreneurship in science and technology specialized universities, foster an entrepreneurial spirit, and contribute to the creation of an innovation-driven entrepreneurship ecosystem that contributes to technological innovation and social value creation.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.51-89
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• 2007

INTRODUCTION Due to the high broadband internet penetration rate and its group-oriented culture, various types of online communities operate in Korea. This study use 'Uses and Gratification Approach, and argue that members' usage-needs satisfaction with brand community is an important factor for promoting community commitment. Based on previous studies identifying the effect of brand image on consumers' responses to various marketing stimuli, this study hypothesizes that brand image can be a moderate variable affecting the relationship between usage-needs satisfaction with brand community and members' commitment to brand community. This study analyzes the influence of usage-needs satisfaction on brand community commitment and how apparel brand image affects the relationships between usage-needs satisfactions and community commitments. The hypotheses of this study are proposed as follows. H1-3: The usage-needs satisfaction of apparel brand community (interest, transaction, relationship needs) influences emotional (H1), continuous (H2), and normative (H3) commitments to apparel brand communities. H4-6: Apparel brand image has a moderating effect on the relationship between usage-needs satisfaction and emotional (H4), continuous (H5), and normative (H6) commitments to apparel brand communities. METHODS Brand communities founded by non-company affiliates were excluded and emphasis was placed instead on communities created by apparel brand companies. Among casual apparel brands registered in 6 Korean portal sites in August 2003, a total of 9 casual apparel brand online communities were chosen, depending on the level of community activity and apparel brand image. Data from 317 community members were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, moderated regression analysis, ANOVA, and scheffe test. Among 317 respondents answered an online html-type questionnaire, 80.5% were between 16 to 25 years old. There were a total of 150 respondents from apparel brand communities(n=3) recording higher-than-average brand image scores (Mean > 3.75) and a total of 162 respondents from apparel brand communities(n=6) recording lower-than-average brand image scores(Mean < 3.75). In this study, brand community commitment was measured by a 5-point Likert scale: emotional, continuous and normative commitment. The degree of usage-needs satisfaction (interest, transaction, relationship needs) was measured on a 5-point Likert scale. The level of brand image was measured by a 5-point Likert scale: strength, favorability, and uniqueness of brand associations. RESULTS In the results of exploratory factor analysis, the three usage-needs satisfactions with brand community were classified as interest, transaction, and relationship needs. Brand community commitment was also divided into the multi-dimensional factors: emotional, continuous, and normative commitments. The regression analysis (using a stepwise method) was used to test the influence of 3 independent variables (interest-needs satisfaction, transaction-needs, and relationship-needs satisfactions) on the 3 dependent variables (emotional, continuous and normative commitments). The three types of usage-needs satisfactions are positively associated with the three types of commitments to apparel brand communities. Therefore, hypothesis 1, 2, and 3 were significantly supported. Moderating effects of apparel brand image on the relationship between usage-needs satisfaction and brand community commitments were tested by moderated regression analysis. The statistics result showed that the influence of transaction-needs on emotional commitment was significantly moderated by apparel brand image. In addition, apparel brand image had moderating effects on the relationship between relationship-needs satisfaction and emotional, continuous and normative commitments to apparel brand communities. However, there were not significant moderate effects of apparel brand image on the relationships between interest-needs satisfaction and 3 types of commitments (emotional, continuous and normative commitments) to apparel brand communities. In addition, the influences of transaction-needs satisfaction on 2 types of commitments (continuous and normative commitments) were not significantly moderated by apparel brand image. Therefore, hypothesis 4, 5 and 6 were partially supported. To explain the moderating effects of apparel brand image, four cross-tabulated groups were made by averages of usage-needs satisfaction (interest-needs satisfaction avg. M=3.09, transaction-needs satisfaction avg. M=3.46, relationship-needs satisfaction M=1.62) and the average apparel brand image (M=3.75). The average scores of commitments in each classified group are presented in Tables and Figures. There were significant differences among four groups. As can be seen from the results of scheffe test on the tables, emotional commitment in community group with high brand image was higher than one in community group with low brand image when transaction-needs satisfaction was high. However, when transaction-needs satisfaction was low, there was not any difference between the community group with high brand image and community group with low brand image regarding emotional commitment to apparel brand communities. It means that emotional commitment didn't increase significantly without high satisfaction of transaction-needs, despite the high apparel brand image. In addition, when apparel brand image was low, increase in transaction-needs did not lead to the increase in emotional commitment. Therefore, the significant relationship between transaction-needs satisfaction and emotional commitment was found in only brand communities with high apparel brand image, and the moderating effect of apparel brand image on this relationship between two variables was found in the communities with high satisfaction of transaction-needs only. Statistics results showed that the level of emotional commitment is related to the satisfaction level of transaction-needs, while overall response is related to the level of apparel brand image. We also found that the role of apparel brand image as a moderating factor was limited by the level of transaction-needs satisfaction. In addition, relationship-needs satisfaction brought significant increase in emotional commitment in both community groups (high and low levels of brand image), and the effect of apparel brand image on emotional commitment was significant in both community groups (high and low levels of relationship-needs satisfaction). Especially, the effect of brand image was greater when the level of relationship-needs satisfaction was high. in contrast, increase in emotional commitment responding to increase in relationship-needs satisfaction was greater when apparel brand image is high. The significant influences of relationship-needs satisfaction on community commitments (continuous and normative commitments) were found regardless of apparel brand image(in both community groups with low and high brand image). However, the effects of apparel brand image on continuous and normative commitments were found in only community group with high satisfaction level of relationship-needs. In the case of communities with low satisfaction levels of relationship needs, apparel brand image marginally increases continuous and normative commitments. Therefore, we could not find the moderating effect of apparel brand image on the relationship between relationship-needs satisfaction and continuous and normative commitments in community groups with low satisfaction levels of relationship needs, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS From the results of this study, we draw several conclusions; First, the increases in usage-needs satisfactions through apparel brand communities result in the increases in commitments to apparel brand communities, wheres the degrees of such relationship depends on the level of apparel brand image. That is, apparel brand image is a moderating factor strengthening the relationship between usage-needs satisfaction and commitment to apparel brand communities. In addition, the effect of apparel brand image differs, depending on the level and types of community usage-needs satisfactions. Therefore, marketers of apparel brand companies must determine the appropriate usage-needs, depending on the type of commitment they wish to increase and the level of their apparel brand image, to promote member's commitments to apparel brand communities. Especially, relationship-needs satisfaction was very important factor for increasing emotional, continuous and normative commitments to communities. However the level of relationship-needs satisfaction was lower than interest-needs and transaction-needs. satisfaction. According to previous study on apparel brand communities, relationship-need satisfaction was strongly related to member's intention of participation in their communities. Therefore, marketers need to develope various strategies in order to increase the relationship- needs as well as interest and transaction needs. In addition, despite continuous commitment was higher than emotional and normative commitments, all types of commitments to apparel brand communities had scores lower than 3.0 that was mid point in 5-point scale. A Korean study reported that the level of members' commitment to apparel brand community influenced customers' identification with a brand and brand purchasing behavior. Therefore, marketers should try to increase members' usage-needs satisfaction and apparel brand image as the necessary conditions for bringing about community commitments. Second, marketers should understand that they should keep in mind that increasing the level of community usage needs (transaction and relationship) is most effective in raising commitment when the level of apparel brand image is high, and that increasing usage needs (transaction needs) satisfaction in communities with low brand image might not be as effective as anticipated. Therefore, apparel companies with desirable brand image such as luxury designer goods firms need to create formal online brand communities (as opposed to informal communities with rudimentary online contents) to satisfy transaction and relationship needs systematically. It will create brand equity through consumers' increased emotional, continuous and normative commitments. Even though apparel brand is very famous, emotional commitment to apparel brand communities cannot be easily increased without transaction-needs satisfaction. Therefore famous fashion brand companies should focus on developing various marketing strategies to increase transaction-needs satisfaction.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.155-174
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• 2015

The purposes of this study were to analyze the property of educational needs of teachers for educational contents of invention and intellectual property in secondary vocational education and provide fundamental data for the development of job training programs so as to develop the capabilities of teachers, the base for effective education of invention intellectual property in secondary vocational education. To achieve them, educational needs for the educational contents of invention intellectual property and the priority of the educational needs in secondary vocational education based on the recognition of the teachers were analyzed and suggested. Concrete results of this study can be suggested as follows. First, the average of educational needs of the teachers for the educational contents of invention intellectual property in secondary vocational education was 5.02. There were 23 items of the educational contents whose educational needs were higher than the average of the whole items and for those items and the average of each item, there were F4(The average of patent applications) 6.72, F5(Modification and supplementation of specification sheets) 6.46, F2(Writing of patent floor plans) 6.39, F3(Writing of patent specification sheets and abstraction) 6.31, A5(Invention method and activity) 6.27, E6(Invention design project) 6.15, H3(Invention commercialization) 5.97, F1(Patent information and application) 5.90, E5(Design obligation) 5.78, E3(Designing process of inventional design) 5.77, A4(Invention and problem solving) 5.57, G2(Patent investigation and classification) 5.47, C2(Thinking method of inventional problem solution) 5.45, E4(Production of inventional design product) 5.45, B5(Inventional patent project) 5.42, A2(Creativity development) 5.26, C4(Inventional problem solving project) 5.26, H4(Invention marketing) 5.26, H2(Analysis on invention commercialization) 5.20, D4(Invention and management) 5.16, C3(Problem solving activity) 5.14, E2(Inventional design devise and expression) 5.11, B3(Actuality of inventional method) 5.08 in order. Second, for the priority of educational needs of the teachers for the educational contents of invention intellectual property in secondary vocational education, there were 13 items of the educational contents for the first rank, 10 for the second rank and 17 for the third rank. The items of the educational contents for the first rank were A4(invention and problem solving), A5(inventional method and activity), B5(Invention patent project), C2(Thinking method of inventional problem solution), C4(Inventional problem solving project), E3(Inventional design process), E4(Production of inventional design product), E5(Design obligation), E6(Invention design project), F1(Patent information and application), F2(Writing of patent floor plan), F3(Writing of patent specification sheet and abstract), and H3(Invention commercialization. The items of the educational contents for the second rank were A2(Creativity development), B3(Actuality of inventional method), C3(Problem solving activity), D4(Invention and management), E2(Invention design devise and expression), F4(Range of patent demand), F5(Modification and supplementation of specification sheet), G2(Patent investigation and classification), H2(Analysis on invention commercialization), and H4(Invention marketing). The items for the third rank were the educational contents except the ones of the first rank and the second rank.