• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 3th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.272-275
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• 2009

Carbon finance is the investment in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction projects in developing countries and countries with economies in transition within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) or Joint Implementation (JI) and with creation of financial instruments, i.e., carbon credits, which are tradable in carbon market. The additional revenue generated from carbon credits will increase the bankability of projects by reducing the risks of commercial lending or grant finance. Meantime, it has also demonstrated numerous opportunities for collaborating across sectors, and has served as a catalyst in bringing climate issues to bear in projects relating to rural electrification, renewable energy, energy efficiency, urban infrastructure, waste management, pollution abatement, forestry, and water resource management. Establishing additionality is essential for successful CDM project development. One of the key steps is the investment analysis. As guided by UNFCCC, financial indicators such as IRR, NPV, DSCR etc are most commonly used in both Option II & Option III. However, economic indicator such as Economic Internal Rate of Return(EIRR) are often overlooked in Option III even it might be more suitable for the project. This could be due to the difficulties in economic analysis. Although Asian Development Bank(ADB) has given guidelines in evaluating EIRR, there are still large amount of works have to be carried out in estimating the economic, financial, social and environmental benefits in the host country. This paper will present a case study of a CDM development of a 18 MW hydro power plant with carbon finance option in central Vietnam. The estimation of respective factors in EIRR, such as Willingness to Pay(WTP), shadow price etc, will be addressed with the adjustment to Vietnam local provincial factors. The significance of carbon finance to Vietnam renewable energy development will also be addressed.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.75-93
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• 2023

The game industry has grown not only by combining them with various technologies also introducing new types of business models such as P2P, F2P, and P2W. Furthermore, games which implemented X2E model with blockchain technology are recently in the spotlight of the public attention. As domestic game companies have also prospect the blockchain games feasible, they are seeking ways to expand their global market share by strengthening the X2E model. Hence, by carrying this new business model out, it is expected to diversify their global revenue stream, which was previously confined to Asia region. This study analyzed the case of companies that have implemented the P2E and C2E models in order to suggest the direction of development for the game platform in Web 3.0 era. The cases of P2E game platform, which constitute of Axie Infinity and Mir 4, encompass the compensation structure, the stabilization mechanism of the in-game token economy, and future strategies regarding blockchain gaming. Likewise, the platform structure, business model, and future growth potential was discussed in terms of C2E scheme, focusing on the ZEPETO and Roblox cases. Based on the above case analysis, this study attempted to provide information on the current limitations and development directions of the P2E and C2E platforms. The current limitations in legal and industrial aspects should be addressed to facilitate the blooming of blockchain and P2E game industry. In addition, the necessity of not only social support also improvement on the technology and social stigma of full-time creators is ought to be emphasized in an effort to encourage the development of C2E platforms.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.83-95
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• 2022

Purpose - With the recent spread of COVID-19, U.S. consumers' consumption pattern is changing towards purchasing large-capacity products, as they stay at home longer. Thus, the current research investigates the effects of box shape and component diversity for large-sized products on product evaluation in logistic business. Moreover, this research examines that information-processing fluency mediates the moderating effects of box shape and product components on target evaluations to confirm psychological mechanism for generating this effect. Design/methodology - In order to examine the hypotheses, the current research conducts two online experiments. The 184 participants (Study 1), and 205 participants (Study 2) of U.S. nationality were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. This research analyzes the data by using SPSS 25 and PROCESS macro 4.0. Findings - Study 1 demonstrates that when the height of a box is greater than its width, products with single components promote positive target evaluations, while when the width of box is greater than its height, products with a variety of components lead to positive target evaluations. Study 2 shows that the same results are replicated in other product categories and with different box shape ratios. Moreover, Study 2 also finds that the ease of information processing mediates the interaction effects of box shape and component diversity on U.S. consumers' target evaluations. Originality/value - The current research has originality in that it investigates the effect of box shape and product composition diversity on U.S. consumer product evaluation from the perspective of information-processing theory Moreover, this research has practical implications for global traders who prepare for entering the U.S. market.

• 무역학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.209-232
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• 2023

EU는 2030년 온실가스 배출량을 1990년 대비 55% 감축 목표로 하는 'Fit for 55' 입법 패키지에 국가별로 다른 온실가스 규제로 인한 수출품의 불균형한 가격을 조정하는 조치로 탄소국경조정제도(CBAM)를 2026년부터 시행하는 내용을 포함하였고, 이는 수출 비용의 증가를 가져와 우리나라 철강 제품 수출에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구는 철강 제품의 EU 수출에 영향을 주는 요인과 CBAM에 따른 수출 변화를 추정하기 위해 2001년부터 2021년까지 EU 27개 회원국의 통계를 이용하여 중력모형으로 실증 분석을 하였다. 분석 결과로 각 EU 국가의 경제 수준, 인구 규모, 환율, 제조업 생산지수, EU 단일시장의 효과는 우리나라 철강 제품의 수출 증가에 도움을 주지만, CBAM의 실행으로 2026년에 탄소세가 CO₂ 1톤당 USD 10 ~ USD 30이 부과되는 것을 가정하여 중력모형으로 추정한 결과는 철강 수출이 CBAM 시행 이전에 비해 약 -3.6% ~ -5.7% 감소하는 것으로 나타나 앞으로 철강 제품의 가격 경쟁력 향상과 CO₂ 저감을 위한 기업과 정부의 대비가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.179-195
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• 2024

하이테크 기업의 기술 혁신은 경영 성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 따라서, 하이테크 기업의 경영 성과에 영향을 주는 요인 및 정도를 파악하는 것은 기업의 경제적 효용을 촉진하고 기업의 효율성 기반을 강화하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 또한, 하이테크 기업의 시장 점유율 향상에도 정의 유의한 영향을 미친다. 본 연구는 하이테크 기업의 특징을 기반으로 연구개발 투자 강도, 특허출원 수와 무형 자산 증가량이라는 3가지 요인을 선택하고 경영 성과에 대한 영향 메커니즘과 효과에 대해 이론적으로 분석하고 근거를 제시하였다. 2011년부터 2019년까지 중국 하이테크 기업관련 데이터를 사용하여 실증분석을 진행하였고 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 하이테크 기업의 연구개발 투자 강도는 경영 성과에 유의한 정의 영향을 미치고 하이테크 기업의 특허 출원 수도 경영성과에 유의한 정의 촉진작용을 하며 하이테크 기업의 자산 부채율은 경영 성과에 대하여 유의한 부의 영향을 미친다. 마지막으로, 관련된 건의 사항과 시사점을 논의하였다.

• 정보화정책
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.72-82
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• 2024

오늘날 온라인 플랫폼에서 전통적인 미디어 콘텐츠의 존재는 중요한 문제 중 하나이며, 유럽 미디어 자유법 (EMFA) 제17조는 이를 규제하고자 합니다. 그러나 디지털 서비스 규정과의 조화, 정의의 사용, 미디어 패스트 트랙 메커니즘 등 현재 버전의 텍스트에는 아직 결함이 없는 것으로 보이며, 최종 텍스트가 채택되기 전에 신중한 입법적 조사가 필요합니다. 이글에서는 EMFA가 구상하는 자진 신고 절차가 불량 미디어 행위자에게 허점을 만들어 유럽과 수평적 수준 모두에서 혼란을 가져올지, 아니면 유럽 내부 미디어 시장의 기능을 개선하고 독립 미디어를 강화하려는 EMFA의 원래 목표에 부합하는지 살펴봅니다

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.99-143
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• 2016

General aviation and air transport are two wings of the civil aviation industry. Chinese air transport is developing rapidly, and has become the world second air transport system only second to US since 2005. However, Chinese civil aviation is far behind the world average level, and cannot meet requirements of economic construction and social development. The transition and structural adjustment of Chinese economy provide the general aviation with a unprecedented broad market. The prospect of general aviation is promising and anticipated. The development of general aviation industry needs the legislative supports, and the current legislative conditions of Chinese general aviation are undoubtedly far behind the realistic requirements. Accelerating the legislation in Chinese general aviation industry requires scientific legislation concept. First, Legislation must promote development of general aviation industry. The general aviation will serves as a Chinese emerging industry that boosts domestic demand, promotes employment and expedite domestic economic development. We should, based on both the concept of promoting the industrial development of general aviation and national industrial planning, enact and rectify relative laws and regulations. And we should also straighten out the relationship between aviation security and industrial development and promote the revolution of low-altitude airspace management in an all-round way, in order to improve the utilization rate of airspace resources, classify and establish airspace, simplify examination and approval procedure and intensify operation management. In addition, what we should do is to expedite the infrastructure layout construction, guide the differentiated but coordinated development of general aviation industries in various areas, establish a united supervision mechanism of general aviation, redistrict the responsibilities of Chinese Air Control Agency and set up legislation, law enforcement and judicial systems with clarified institutions, clear positioning and classified responsibilities, so as to usher in a new era of the legislative management of Chinese general aviation industry. Second, shift the focus from regulations to both regulations and services. Considering the particularity of the general aviation, we should use American practices for reference and take into account both regulation and service functions when enacting general aviation laws. For example, we should reduce administrative licensing and market supervision, and adopt "criteria" and "approval" management systems for non-commercial and commercial aviation. Furthermore, pay attention to social benefits. Complete social rescuing mechanism through legislation. It should be clarified in legislation that general aviation operators should take the responsibilities of, and ensure to realize social benefits of environmental protection and ecological balance .Finally, rise in line with international standards. Modify Chinese regulations which is inconsistent with international ones to remove barriers to international cooperation. Specify basic legislative principles. One is the principle of coordination. Realize coordination between the civil aviation and general aviation, between military aviation and civil aviation, and among departments. Two is the principle of pertinence. The general aviation has its own rules and specialties, needing to be standardized using specialized laws and regulations. Three is the principle of efficiency. To realize time and space values of general aviation, we should complete rules in aerospace openness, general aviation airport construction, general aviation operations, and regulation enforcement. Four is the principle of security. Balance the maximum use of resources of Chinese airspace and the according potential threats to Chinese national interests and social security, and establish a complete insurance system which functions as security defense and indemnificatory measure. Establish a unified legal system. Currently, the system of Chinese general aviation laws consists of national legislation, administrative laws and regulations and civil aviation regulations (CAR). Some problems exist in three components of the system, including too general content, unclear guarantee measures, incomplete implementation details, and lacking corresponding pertinence and flexibility required by general aviation regulations, stringency of operation management and standards, and uniformity of standards. A law and regulation system, centered on laws and consisting of administrative laws regulations, industrial regulations, implementation details, industrial policies and local laws and regulations, should be established. It is suggested to modify the Civil Aviation Law to make general aviation laws complete, enact the Regulations of General Aviation Development, and accelerate the establishment, modification and abolition of Chinese general aviation laws to intensify the coordination and uniformity of regulations.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.123-137
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• 2007

The advent of the Internet and related Web technologies has created an easily accessible link between a firm and its customers, and has provided opportunities to a firm to use information technology to support supplementary after-sale services associated with a product or service. It has been widely recognized that supplementary services are an important source of customer value and of competitive advantage as the characteristics of the product itself. Many of these supplementary services are information-based and need not be co-located with the product, so more and more companies are delivering these services electronically. Net-based customer service, which is defined as an Internet-based computerized information system that delivers services to a customer, therefore, is the core infrastructure for supplementary service provision. The importance of net-based customer service in delivering supplementary after-sale services associated with product has been well documented. The strategic advantages of well-implemented net-based customer service are enhanced customer loyalty and higher lock-in of customers, and a resulting reduction in competition and the consequent increase in profits. However, not all customers utilize such net-based customer service. The digital divide is the phenomenon in our society that captures the observation that not all customers have equal access to computers. Socioeconomic factors such as race, gender, and education level are strongly related to Internet accessibility and ability to use. This is due to the differences in the ability to bear the cost of a computer, and the differences in self-efficacy in the use of a technology, among other reasons. This concept, applied to e-commerce, has been called the "e-commerce divide." High Internet penetration is not eradicating the digital divide and e-commerce divide as one would hope. Besides, to accommodate personalized support, a customer must often provide personal information to the firm. This personal information includes not only name and address, but also preferences information and perhaps valuation information. However, many recent studies show that consumers may not be willing to share information about themselves due to concerns about privacy online. Due to the e-commerce divide, and due to privacy and security concerns of the customer for sharing personal information with firms, limited numbers of customers adopt net-based customer service. The limited level of customer adoption of net-based customer service affects the firm profits and the customers' welfare. We use a game-theoretic model in which we model the net-based customer service system as a mechanism to enhance customers' loyalty. We model a market entry scenario where a firm (the incumbent) uses the net-based customer service system in inducing loyalty in its customer base. The firm sells one product through the traditional retailing channels and at a price set for these channels. Another firm (the entrant) enters the market, and having observed the price of the incumbent firm (and after deducing the loyalty levels in the customer base), chooses its price. The profits of the firms and the surplus of the two customers segments (the segment that utilizes net-based customer service and the segment that does not) are analyzed in the Stackelberg leader-follower model of competition between the firms. We find that an increase in adoption of net-based customer service by the customer base is not always desirable for firms. With low effectiveness in enhancing customer loyalty, firms prefer a high level of customer adoption of net-based customer service, because an increase in adoption rate decreases competition and increases profits. A firm in an industry where net-based customer service is highly effective loyalty mechanism, on the other hand, prefers a low level of adoption by customers.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.35-63
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• 1991

현재 우리나라의 은행산업(銀行産業)은 상당규모의 부실채권(不實債權)을 보유하고 있는데, 이는 1980년 들어 구조적 불황(不況) 쇠퇴업종(衰退業種)의 부실기업체(不實企業體)들을 정부주도하(政府主導下)에 정리하는 과정에서 은행(銀行)이 이들 부채를 떠맡게 된 데에 주로 연유한다. 국내(國內) 비은행금융기관(非銀行金融機關)이나 국제금융기관(國際金融機關)에 비해 경쟁력이 취약한 국내은행(國內銀行)의 부실채권보유(不實債權保有)는 금후의 금융자유화(金融自由化)는 물론 금융국제화(金融國際化)를 추진하는 데 애로요인으로 작용하고 있다. 본고(本稿)에서는 먼저 주요 선진국(先進國)들의 대표적인 부실기업정리(不實企業整理)의 경험을 조사하여 각국의 상이한 금융시스템과 부실기업(不實企業) 정리(整理)패턴간의 연계성을 살펴보고, 과거 우리나라의 부실기업(不實企業) 정리사례(整理事例) 및 성과분석(成果分析)을 통하여 부실채권정리(不實債權整理)의 기본적 방향을 도출하였다. 이에 이어 최근 은행산업(銀行産業)의 부실채권(不實債權) 보유현황(保有現況) 및 경영실태(經營實態)에 대한 분석(分析)을 토대로 구체적인 정리방법과 그 실효성(實效性)에 관해 이론적으로 고찰해 보았다. 주지하는 바와 같이 부실채권정리(不實債權整理)를 제약하는 가장 큰 요인은 손실배분시(損失配分時) 첨예하게 대립되는 관련당사자간의 이해상충문제(利害相衝問題)이다. 경제적(經濟的) 손실(損失)을 최소화하는 부실채권정리의 기본방향(基本方向)은 사후적(事後的) 여신관리(與信管理)에 있어서 은행(銀行)의 수동적 자세를 유발시켜 온 정부(政府)의 직접적인 개입(介入)을 지양하고 부실채권의 내용을 가장 잘 파악하고 있는 관련채권은행(關聯債權銀行)이 주체가 되어 가급적 은행책임하(銀行責任下)에 부실채권(不實債權)을 정리하는 것이라 사료된다. 이를 위한 방법으로 본고(本稿)에서는 부실채권(不實債權)을 연체기간(延滯期間) 및 상환가능성(償還可能性) 등으로 구분하여 상대적으로 양질(良質)의 부실채권은 채무기업(債務企業)의 우선주(優先株)로 전환하는 방법을 모색해 보고, 매몰비용과 다름없는 불량한 부실채권(不實債權)에 대해서는 내부유보(內部留保)의 확충, 은행자산(銀行資産)의 재평가(再評價) 등을 통해 단계적으로 대손상각처리(貸損傷却處理)하는 방안을 고찰해 보았다. 특히 부채(負債)-주식(株式) 전환방법은 은행자산(銀行資産)의 유동성(流動性) 및 수익성(收益性)을 개선하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있으며, 채무기업(債務企業)도 당장의 채무상환압박(債務償還壓迫)의 해소로 재무구조(財務構造)의 강화를 기할 수 있다는 점에서 정책적(政策的) 차원(次元)에서 적극 검토할 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.318-339
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• 1994

본 연구는 우리나라에서 거의 소멸된 면화재배의 지역적인 축소 과정을 확인하고, 현재 농촌에서 이루어지는 면화재배의 의미를 파악하였다. 해방 이후 우리나라의 면방직 공 업은 원면도입으로 해외 원료 의존형 산업이 되었다. 환율정책으로 국내면 가격이 미국산 원조면보다 비싸지고, 정부의 식량증산 위주의 농업정책, 유통구조 등으로 인해 국내면의 재 배면적이 감소되기 시작하였다. 국내 면 재배 면적 감소의 지역적인 과정은 일차적으로 기 후조건이 면화재배에 불리한 지역에서 먼저 나타나 식량 밭작물로 대체되었고, 이후 재배 유인력이 더욱 약해짐에 따라 재배 발원지를 제외한 다른 지역에서는 거의 소멸되고 있었 다. 현재 농촌에서 면화는 이불솜 을 위한 자가 소비용, 식용, 약용외에 다른 작물의 생산성 을 높이기 위한 부작물로서 재배되고 있음이 확인되었다. 재배방법은 종래와 큰 차이가 없 이 행해지고 있었으며 노동집약적으로 생산되고 있다. 농민의 면화에 대한 애착이 강하고, 국내면으로 만든 이불솜을 선호하는 소비자들의 수요가 아직 있음이 확인되어, 정부의 정책 적인 배려와 함께 시장이 확보될 경우 국내면이 앞으로도 재배될 수 있는 가능성을 보여주 고 있었다.