• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1280-1289
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• 2015

Fish-meat gel is being produced mostly relying on surimi and raw materials imported from Southeast Asia and North America and present in small amount in local markets. In this study, common farmed local fishes were examined as stable and reliable sources of surimi for fish-meat gel production. For testing, five main farmed-fish of Korea, namely; Bastard halibut (Paralichthys olivaceus), Red sea bream (Pagrus major), Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli), Common mulle (Mugil cephalus), and Finespotted flounder (Pleuronichthys cornutus) were used following a traditional washing process. The quality of the surimi was determined by the values of water content, whiteness index, gel strength and impurity. Accordingly, fish-meat gel and surimi quality experiments were carried out by measuring compressive and texture properties, expressible moisture content, Hunter color scale values and SDS-page protein patterns. Also gel characteristics were compared with that of FA and RA grade surimi (Alaska Pollock). Fish-meat gels were prepared by salt mincing the farmed-fish surimi with NaCl (2% w/w) and moisture adjustment to 84% by ice water adding. Prepared fish-meat paste was filled into 20-25 cm long polyvinylidene chloride casings and heated at 90℃ for 20 min. The whiteness values of fish-meat gels produced from surimi were increased by using farmed-fish and became comparable to that of FA Alaska Pollock gel. Among all tested farmed-fish, P. olivaceus and P. major exhibited better properties than RA Alaska Pollock and similar properties to FA Alaska Pollock. Therefore, current data suggests that fish farming can be an efficient and sustainable fish-meat source for fish-meat gel production in Korea.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 2008

Monthly changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) of wild river puffer Takifugu obscurus, and water quality environment in spawning area during breeding season were investigated from March 1995 to February 1996. Monthly changes in GSI and HSI of T. obscurus, that was cultured in low salinity, were calculated. The external morphology of the gonads, germ cell differentiation during gametogenesis and the reproductive cycle with the gonad developmental phases were investigated by histological analysis. The optimum water quality environment in Ganggyung, Choongcheongnam-do, where is spawning ground of wild T. obscurus, was $15-20^{\circ}C$ (water temperature) and 0 psu (salinity). Monthly changes in the GSI in females and males reached a maximum in May, and then rapidly decreased. Therefore, it is assumed that in the natural condition the spawning period of wild T. obscurus is May to June. In females and males, it showed a negative correlationship between the GSI and HSI. The external morphology of the gonads in female and male T. obscurus, that was cultured in low salinity, is composed of a pair of saccular structure. Based on monthly changes in the GSI, it is assumed that in female T. obscurus, that was cultured in low salinity, spawn from March through May. Therefore, it showed a negative correlationship between changes in the GSI and HSI. On the whole, in females and males, it showed a similar pattern between wild and cultured T. obscurus. The reproductive cycle with the gonad developmental phases can be classified into successive five stages in females: the early growing stage, late growing stage, mature stage, ripe and spent stage, and recovery and resting stage. In males, that can be divided into successive four stages: the growing stage, mature stage, ripe and spent stage, and recovery and resting stage. In case of wild T. obscurus, the spawning period has once a year, however, those cultured in the high water temperature ($20-27^{\circ}C$) - low salinity (under 3.3 psu) condition have reproductive characteristics having possibilities of discharge of eggs and sperms year-round as a multiple spawner.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.519-534
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• 2019

When the fresh water from the artificial lakes (Ganwolho and Bunamho) were discharged to Cheonsu Bay in summer to prevent the flood over the reclaimed farmland near the lakes, the impact on water qualities (nutrients, organic matters, trace metals) within the bay was investigated through four surveys (June, July, August and October, 2011). Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) increased about as much as 3-4 times over the whole water column when the freshwater was discharged. And the main species composition of DIN changed from ammonia to nitrate. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) decreased as much as 2 times in surface waters, but increased as much as 1.5 times in deep waters, and also silicate concentrations increased as much as 3-4 times in deep waters of the inner bay. The N/P ratios in Chunsu bay seawaters were much higher (2 to 7 times) than the Redfield ratio when the freshwaters were discharged, which indicated the phosphorus limiting in the phytoplankton growth. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) increased as much as about 2 times. In addition, particulate organic matters (POC, PON, POP, Bio-Si) increased as much as above 2 times in the surface waters of the inner bay. Trace metals (Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu) increased in the surface waters of the inner bay, but dissolved Cd concentrations decreased as much as 2 times. Therefore, when the contaminated fresh waters from the artificial lakes were discharged into the bay, nutrients, organic matters and trace metals generally increased compared to normal period. Since the phytoplankton bloom occurred in the surface waters of the inner bay, dissolved oxygens at the surface waters were oversaturated and hence hypoxic in the deep waters. Highly enriched nutrients concentrations were found in deep waters of the inner bay, which was accompanied with the hypoxic condition. Finally, the water quality in the inner bay of the Chunsu bay was deteriorated from less than grade 3 in normal periods to grade 5 when the freshwaters from the artificial lakes were discharged in summer.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.1059-1066
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to investigate the physico-chemical characteristics of chicken breast surimi processed by four times washing (C) and adjustment to pH 3.0 (T1) and pH 11.0 (T2). Water, crude protein, myofibrillar protein and yield of the treatment C were lower compared to other two treatments. Crude fat of T2 was higher than other two treatments. pH, WHC, breaking force and deformation were not different among the treatments. Shear force of T2 was the highest, followed by T1 and C. L* of T2 and a* of T1 were lower than other two treatments. b* of C was the highest, while T2 was the lowest. Brittleness and hardness in textural properties were not different among the treatments. Cohesiveness of T1 was the lowest among three treatments. Springiness and chewiness of T1 and T2 were higher than those of treatment C, respectively. Gumminess of T2 were higher compared to C and T1. Appearance and flavor in sensory evaluation were the highest in T1 and the lowest in C among three treatments. Color, aroma, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability were not different among the treatments. In conclusion, physico-chemical quality of chicken breast surimi was the highest in T2 among three treatments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1727-1734
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• 2005

The fermentation characteristics and mono- and di-saccharides compositions during the early stage of ensiling were studied with a temperate grass, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and a tropical grass, guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.). The laboratory silos were kept in the room set at 25$^{\circ}C$, and then were opened on 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days (14 days in Italian ryegrass) after ensiling, respectively. The Italian ryegrass silage showed a fast and large pH decrease caused by a fast and large production of lactic acid during the first 5 days of ensiling and succeeded to achieve lactic acid type fermentation; high lactic acid/acetic acid and lactic acid content at the end of ensiling (14 days), low values of pH (3.74), acetic acid, ethanol and ammonia-N/total nitrogen, none or only small amounts of Butyric acid, valeric acid and propionic acid. The guineagrass silage showed a slow decrease in pH and a slow increase in lactic acid content during the full ensiling period, causing a high final pH value, low contents of lactic acid, acetic acid, total volatile fatty acids and total organic acids. In Italian ryegrass silage, mono- and di-saccharides compositions decreased largely within the initial 0.5 day (12 h) of ensiling. Sucrose disappeared rapidly within the initial 0.5 day of ensiling, but fructose and glucose contents showed an initial rise by the activity of enzymes in plant tissues, and then decreased gradually. On the other hand, the contents of monoand di-saccharides in guineagrass showed the largest decreases due mainly to plant respiration within the initial 0.5 day of ensiling, and no initial rises in fructose and glucose contents during the early stage of ensiling because of the absence of fructans which are hydrolyzed into fructose and glucose in temperate grasses. In both silages, the rate of reduction in mono- and di-saccharides compositions within the initial 5 days of ensiling was ranked in the order of glucose>fructose>sucrose, suggesting that glucose and fructose might be more favorably utilized than sucrose by microorganisms and glucose is the first fermentation substrate. It was concluded that the silage made from Italian ryegrass with high moisture content had a good fermentation quality owing to the dominance of lactic acid bacteria and active lactic acid fermentation during the initial stage of ensiling. These results can be explained by rapid plant sap liberation and the high activity of plant enzyme hydrolyzed fructans into fructose and glucose within the initial 2 days of ensiling, which stimulate the homofermentative lactic acid bacteria growth. In ensiling a temperate grass, the physical characteristics may ensure the rapid onset of fermentation phase, which results from the smaller losses of water-soluble carbohydrates during the initial stage of ensiling and providing sufficient water-soluble carbohydrates for lactic acid bacteria. The silage made from guineagrass with intermediate dry matter and high initial mono- and di-saccharides content was stable silage. This could be explained by the higher incorporation of air during the very early stage of ensiling and the restriction of cell breakdown and juice release due to the properties of a tropical grass with coarse porosity and stemmy structures. These physical characteristics delayed the onset of lactic acid bacteria fermentation phase by extending the phases of respiration and aerobic microorganisms activity, causing the higher loss of water-soluble carbohydrates and the shortage of lactic acid bacteria fermentation substrates.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.475-485
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• 2001

The presence of airborne particles in the earth atmosphere expert important controls on the global climate because of their effects on the radiative balance. However, there are major uncertainties associated with the direct and indirect radiative effects of aerosols. In addition, their physicochemical properties cannot only the decline of air quality but also damage human health. Airborne particles were collected by two different commercial air samples, high volume sampler(for TSP) and low volume sampler(for P $M_{10}$ ) at the campus of Kunsan National University during February to September, 2000. In most cases, TSP and P $M_{10}$ were sampled once a week for the duration of 24 hours from 9:00 a.m. In addition samples were collected more intenisve, when the yellow dust was expected. Each sample was analyzed for pH and major ions concentration (C $l^{[-10]}$ , S $O_4$$^{2-}$, N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ , N $a^{+}$, N $H_4$$^{+}$, $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$) by ion chromatography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Acidity (pH) of TSP and P $M_{10}$ ranged from 5.09 to 8.51 and from 6.22 to 7.54, respectively. The concentrations of airborne particles were found to satisfy both the short and long-term air quality standards during the sampling period. If the ratio of ionic concentrations originating from None sea salt(Nss) to sea salt(ss) in aerosol samples was concerned, it was found that the ionic concentrations from marine environment contributed dominantly in total mass concentration in the airborne particles. When seasonal trends were examined, the TSP concentrations in spring were higher than those of other seasons. It may result form frequent occurrences of yellow dust and during the spring season. The concentration ratio of P $M_{10}$ to TSP ranged from 0.78 to 1 during the sampling period. pH in the airborne particle was highest during spring, but the other seasons maintained almost same level. These results suggest that alkaline species in yellow dust can directly neutralize aerosol acidity. During spring season, yellow dust could be a positive factor that can defer the acidification of surface soil and water by neutralizing acidic aerosols in the atmosphere.osphere.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.383-392
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• 2008

This study aims to evaluate the mechanical-chemical stability of used coal ash blocks, for improving fishing grounds. The surface of weathered ash blocks in seawater showed a decrease in the Ca and an increase in the Mg contents, compared to that of fresh blocks. This result reflects the substitution of Ca by Mg in seawater. The compressive strengths of ash blocks submerged into seawater during 12 months ranged from 235.23 to $447.43\;kgf/cm^2$; this is higher than the standard strength of wave-absorbing blocks($180\;kgf/cm^2)$ that are used for harbor construction. In addition, the compressive strength of ash blocks tends to increase with increasing installation time in seawater. The result of leaching experiments on coal ash blocks by Korean Standard Leaching Test(KSLT) method showed that leached concentrations of most metals except Cr(that leached up to 50 ppb, approaching standard concentration) do not exceed the seawater quality standards. A long-term(112 days) heavy metal leaching test to analyze seawater without mixing-dilution also showed that the concentrations of leached heavy metals, except for Cu, under anaerobic conditions do not exceed the seawater quality standards. Accordingly, the use of coal ash blocks in marine environments appears to be safe from chemical and mechanical factors that decrease the efficiency of concrete. Also, leaching concentration of Cu seems to be stable by decrease of leaching concentration due to dilution of seawater.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.361-367
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• 1996

As a part of investigation for quality improvement of surimi gel from fish with a red muscle by addition of emulsion curd, we investigated the processing conditions of emulsion curd contained succinylated gelatin from conger eel skin as an emulsifier and emulsion curd-added surimi gel. Activity and stability of emulsion curd on standing at room temperature, chilled temperature and vibration were remarkably improved by the addition of 15 tunes of soybean oil and 5 times of water to succinylated gelatin from conger eel skin. The proximate composition of the emulsion curd was moisture 18%, protein 5%, lipid 76% and ash 0.5% and its appearance was white. Peroxide value and fatty acid composition of emulsion curd contained succinylated gelatin as an emulsifier were similar to these of soybean oil. By the addition of 6% of emulsion curd to mackerel surimi, gel strength, appearance and texture of the resulting surimi gel were improved, while its peroxide value and brown pigment revealed minor change. From the results of volatile basic nitrogen, viable cell counts and histamine content, the emulsion curd-added mackerel surimi gel can be safe In the sense of food sanitation.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 2011

We investigated changes in doenjang quality upon addition of rice fermented with Poria cocos mycelium. Sensory evaluation showed that rice addition to 15% (w/w) was optimal. The content of free amino acids was 1,899.17 mg% in doenjang fermented for 90 days with P. cocos mycelium. The rice contained seven essential amino acids: leucine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, lysine, threonine, and methionine. The levels of essential amino acids increased after fermentation with P. cocos mycelium. Vitamin A (7.47 RE/100 g), Vitamin D (0.45 mg/100 g), and Vitamin E (5.73 mg/100 g) were detected in the experimental preparation but not in the control. In terms of electron-donating ability, the highest scores were 73.8% (in a water extract) and 76% (in an ethanolic extract) of doenjang fermented with P. cocos mycelium. Nitrite-scavenging ability was higher in the ethanolic extract than in the water extract of rice fermented with P. cocos mycelium.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.187-206
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• 2019

After reviewing the concept and previous studies related to green ports, this study analyzes the implications of green port policy of advanced ports in foreign countries and analyzes problems in terms of environmentally-friendly green port policy for Ulsan port, and to present sustainable green logistics establishment measures. The literature survey and Benchmarking methods are adopted as research methodology and the results are as follows. First, the pan-government climate change response management system, legislation of relevant laws, implementation of fiscal support policies, and roadmaps should be established. Second, the foundation for eco-friendly green growth should be established through the discovery of business models in conjunction with leading industries in the Southeastern Metropolitan Economic Area. Third, the Ulsan Port Greenport, such as AMP, in-port LNG propulsion ship, and ESI vessel incentive, should be built. Fourth, a low-carbon, high-efficiency sea-shuttle service shall be established through the introduction of the sea-shuttle service along the sea route. Fifth, energy self-reliant ports, including all institutions in the metropolitan Ulsan port area that have exceeded the level of Ulsan port Authority, should be built. Finally, water-type ports need to be built through the creation of coastal forests, the purification of marine water quality, and the introduction of colors to port.