• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-27
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• 2011

This paper aims to measure and analyze R&D productivities and efficiencies of 17 major OECD countries including Korea over the 1984-2008 period by using the Malmquist Productivity Index and Data Envelopment Analysis, classifying R&D performance into an output and outcome aspects. It also searches the Korea's current status and characteristics in each R&D stage to enhance Total Factor Productivity (TFP) compared with other developed countries. Our major findings are the followings: (i) Korea's productivity index of R&D input vis-a-vis R&D output is very high (13.39% annual growth rate) compared with those of major advanced countries, whereas the annual average of efficiency index is very low (0.33), i.e. Korea's technical efficiency index has risen to 0.83 at the last time series started at 0.10 point and come up to the level of major advanced countries. (ii) the Korea's productivity index of R&D output vis-a-vis R&D outcome is very low (14.02% annual reduction rate) compared with those of major advanced countries, whereas the annual average of efficiency index is very high (0.22), i.e. Korea's integrated frontier technical efficiency index has dropped to 0.057 at the last time series started at 1.00 point and coming up to the level of major advanced countries. (iii) The productivity of R&D input vis-a-vis R&D outcome is positively correlated with that of R&D output vis-a-vis R&D outcome and the growth of R&D input factors. In a nutshell, it implicates that the effort to take advantage of R&D outputs, namely establishing the diffusion and commercialization system of technical knowledge to the level of developed countries, should be strengthened over that on the growth of R&D investment and output for enhancing R&D productivity and efficiency in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.532-542
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• 2020

Due to abnormal weather conditions such as high temperature, the management of greenhouse rose farms is getting worse. In order to enhance the competitiveness of these farms, new measures are needed to improve their management performance. Therefore, this study suggests alternatives to improve the efficiency and productivity by identifying the causes of inefficiency of greenhouse rose farms in terms of management performance analysis through DEA analysis and MPI analysis. As a result of DEA analysis, the average TE of farmers increased from 0.867('16) to 0.905('17), but decreased to 0.850 in 2018, indicating that it was inefficient. In order to increase the management efficiency of farmers, efforts to preferentially reduce the costs (equipment, employment labor, fertilizer, facilities, seeds) that cause inefficiencies are needed. As a result of MPI analysis, TECI decreased from 1.044(T2) to 0.939(T3), which was the cause of the MPI decrease, and the TCI was rather increased from 0.958(T2) to 0.969(T3). In other words, it means that the decrease in productivity is due to insufficient utilization of potential production technology rather than the slowing of technological progress. This implies that it is important to provide technical guidance on utilization after technology dissemination.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.499-516
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• 2022

Blueberry producers' management is failing as a result of the price decline caused by an increase in blueberry imports and the accompanying deterioration in management. Consequently, an endeavor was undertaken to verify the measurement and impact from the standpoint of efficiency and productivity of blueberry management, and to offer an indication of management improvement through analysis. Using the Rural Development Administration's income survey data, the data for twenty-four blueberry farms was analyzed. First, the management effectiveness of blueberry cultivators was evaluated. Using the CCR model (0.7297) and the BCC model (08148), the efficiency of a farm was examined. When the efficiency is one, CCR is ten and BCC is fifteen, and in overall, it was found to be ineffective, the efficiency declined from 2018 to 2019, but climbed again in 2020, according to the annual analysis. The MPI index was then used to examine productivity. T2's MPI index was 1.3338, whereas T3's MPI index was 0.8896, demonstrating a considerable decline in TC. This indicates that technological progress is not being accomplished, necessitating the need for countermeasures. In order to improve the management efficiency of blueberry producers, it is necessary to reduce costs and improve receivable prices through producer organization, and to actively introduce new technologies.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.277-300
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• 2009

By using data envelopment analysis(DEA) this research measures the efficiency of Korea's seven middle-sized seaports and their Malmquist productivity from 1998 to 2007. Under the assumption of CRS(constant returns to scale) and VRS(variable returns to scale), seaports' ranking of efficiency are measured. Kunsan Port is confirmed as a middle-performed port in the various measurements. Important finding facts are as follows. 1)Kunsan Port has the efficiency level from 53% to 57% of efficient ports' level under the assumption of CRS and VRS. 2)In terms of average efficiency level, the gap among these 7 seports' efficiency levels has been widened during the period from 1998 to 2007. 3)Kunsan Port has shown the characteristics of DRS more frequently in terms of returns to scale. 4) Kunsan Port's average total factor productivity has been lower at the rate of 0.7% during the period from 1998 to 2007. 5)Kunsan Port has shown technical progress at the rate of 3.1% in this period. In future research the more and better data will be expected to improve the understanding of Korean seaports' efficiency characteristics.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.361-374
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the efficiency and productivity of technological innovation activities of companies certified as innovative pharmaceutical companies by the government to diagnose their competitiveness and derive measures to strengthen them. This study collected pharmaceutical input (R&D expenditures and number of employees) and output (sale, operating profit and patent) data between 2017 and 2019 for 38 innovative pharmaceutical companies. This study analyzed them using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, Tobit model and the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI). First, the DEA result of the innovative pharmaceutical companies show that between the value of the CCR model of the scale efficiency and the value of the BCC model to diagnose the internal operation efficiency is differences. Second, efficiency does not differ between corporate characteristics. Third, Tobit model shows that number of patents held have positive effects on efficiency. Forth, overall MPI is 0.89. This can be interpreted as the rate of TECI decreased 3%p and TCI has increased 4%p. The results of this study can be used as decision-making data for response strategies to improve efficiency by identifying the cause of inefficiency and presenting target values.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.45-53
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• 2015

Purpose - Online shopping enables consumers to conveniently purchase products irrespective of the time and place. As a result, several online shopping companies have emerged to cater to this growing market and, therefore, the competition among them has become increasingly intense. This paper evaluates the comparative efficiency of online shopping companies for a multi-year period (2009-2013), in order to help online shopping managers identify major drivers for enhancing management efficiency and the subsequent competitiveness. Research design, data, and methodology - The researchers collected the data from 2009 to 2013 from the distribution yearbook. This paper analyzes the marketability (sales figures), profitability (business profits), and management conditions (net profits) of domestic online shopping enterprises by incorporating information on human resources (number of employees) and material resources (total assets and capital). Therefore, the number of employees, total assets, and capital are selected as input variables, and sales figures, business profits, and net profits as the output variables. In this study, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to measure the comparative efficiency of domestic online shopping companies. In addition, the Malmquist Productivity Index was used to evaluate the trend of change of Decision Making Units' (DMUs') efficiency for a multi-year period. Results - First, as of 2013, Interpark (2.415) was found to be the most efficient online shopping enterprise, followed by Aladdin Communications (2.117), Hyundai Home shopping (1.867), Home&Shopping (1.176), NS Home shopping (1.170), Commerce Planet (1.126), CJ O Shopping (1.105), Ebay Korea (1.088), and GS Home Shopping (1.051). Second, this study recognizes how the management efficiency has changed for the period 2009-2013. Third, the lesser the capital and employees, the more are the net profits, and the better is the management efficiency of domestic online shopping companies. Lastly, the productivity of such companies is influenced by endogenous factors rather than exogenous factors such as shifts in business environment and technological advances. Conclusions - DHC Korea influenced various distribution channels to reach customers through the Internet. Consequently, this helped in increasing the awareness about its products, in addition to an increase in sales. These achievements can be attributed to the characteristics of online shopping companies. Although it is easy for these companies to suggest goods for one-off purchases, they however have difficulties in retaining customers. Overcoming this challenge can be one of the ways to benchmark a successful case of an efficient company. For example, an online shopping company can attract customers by developing a corresponding mobile application as a convenient way to shop online. Additionally, they can satisfy customers by quick delivery of purchased products, which is possible by building an effective logistics network. Our study indicates that the productivity of an online shopping company was influenced by endogenous factors driven by improvements in managerial practices rather than exogenous factors. Accordingly, online shopping companies should adopt strategies to improve their operational efficiency rather than sales volume-oriented management.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.25-46
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• 2008

By using data envelopment analysis(DEA) this research measures the efficiency of Korea's five seaports and their Malmquist productivity from 1997 to 2006. Under the assumption of CRS(constant returns to scale) and VRS(various returns to scale), seaports' rankings of efficiency are measured. Busan port is confirmed as a best-performed port in the various measurements. Important finding facts are as follows. 1)Busan, lncheon and Ulsan seaports are efficient ports under the assumption of CRS and VRS. 2)Gwangyang port shows 4.3% lower efficiency level compared with efficient ports. 3)Pohang port shows 27.3% lower efficiency level compared with efficient ports. 4)Average total factor productivity of Korea's five ports has been lower at the rate of 3.1% during the period from 1997 to 2006. Main policy implications are 1)Busan port is more efficient than Gwangyang port, which reflects the difference of economic activities between two regional econmies. 2)During the period 1997-2006, Korea's five largest ports has experienced lower efficiency levels in the first half period because of the 1997 Korean Financial Crisis, but higher efficiency levels in the second half period because of economic recovery. In future research the more and better data will be expected to improve the understanding of Korean seaports' efficiency characteristics.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.73-83
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• 2016

Purpose - The parcel delivery service(courier) industry all over the world has been expanding its market so far, but its growth has been declining in recent years. In this situation, most parcel delivery companies are having trouble with managing themselves because of the pressure from the customer to increase service level and decrease the rate. The purpose of this study is to provide ways to improve competitive advantages of the parcel delivery service industry by evaluating the multi-period operating efficiency of Korea, Japan and global service providers. Research design, data, and methodology - The data for the period of 2011 to 2014 were collected from the annual reports published by parcel delivery companies. In this study, we analyze the marketability (revenue), profitability (operating profits), and management conditions (net profits) of parcel service companies by combining information on human resources (number of employees) and material resources (total assets and equity). Therefore, the number of employees, total assets, and equity are selected as input variables, and revenue, operating profits, and net profits as the output variables. In this study, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) is used to measure the comparative efficiency and MPI (Malmquist Productivity Index) is used to analyze the trend of change of the efficiency for a multi-year period. Results - The operational efficiency scores of medium-sized parcel delivery companies in Korea are higher than other larger competitors such as Korean, Japan and Global larger companies. As of 2014, Logen(1.878) was found to be the most efficient parcel delivery enterprise, followed by KGB (1.224), and Kyoungdong(1.002). Otherwise, Hanjin(0.235), CJ(0.262), Hyundai Logistics(0.657), DHL(0.611), UPS(0.766), FedEx(0.498), TNT(0.350), Yamato(0.762) and Sagawa(0.520), larger sized companies, were done inefficiently. The productivity of parcel delivery companies is influenced by endogenous factors as well as exogenous ones such as changes in business environment and technological advances. Conclusions - Korean medium-sized companies have relatively high efficiency scores in operation. That is why they still survive the competitive market in Korea where market restructuring on the industry has been expected to be conducted for many years. The reason why medium-sized couriers had higher efficient scores than larger couriers is that most of couriers spend more operating expenses versus unit price of delivery which is the amount of money that is needed in order to send a package by parcel service. So the delivery unit price must be taken into account by all the expenses associated with the cost of fuel, labor and maintenance expenses for facilities, etc. therefore, the unit price must be increased to strengthen business competitive power. In order for the industry to have more competitive advantage, the companies need to make profits by increasing demand volume and raising the delivery rate to provide high-quality delivery service to customers. And both endogenous and exogenous change must take precedence in order to strengthen their competitiveness.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.255-262
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• 2013

Due to the competition between the various professional events, it is imperative for the team's management to improve efficiency by removing the inefficiencies of the professional team in order to gain a competitive edge. This study use different Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models to measure the efficiency of professional sport organizations. In this mathematical-analytical study, this study first reviews the related literature to analyze the input/output variables. In the end, the variables were detected and the data for this study were gathered from the Korean Basketball League (KBL). While previous studies examine relative efficiency of Korean Professional baseball teams by using CCR model, this study fully utilize the DEA method to investigate Korean professional sports organizations' operating problem. Thus, this study propose full results of DEA analysis such as efficiency score (overall, technical, and scale efficiency), slacks in inputs and outputs of inefficient organizations, Malmquist index) As a result, this study provides not only the exact productivity information of a team and a way of improving a firm's productivity with a decision maker.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.771-784
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the efficiency and productivity of the quality by integrating the product quality and service quality of global automobile brands from the customer's perspective. Methods: In this study, the data from JD Power and GoodCarBadCar.net were used to analyze the efficiency and productivity of a total of 24 automobile brands (10 luxury brands and 14 mainstream brands) between 2009 and 2013. For this, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) and MPI (Malmquist Productivity Index) were used. Results: The mean efficiency of the quality of global automobile brands were 0.725 for luxury brands and 0.587 for mainstream brands, which suggests generally higher efficiency for luxury brands. The productivity of the quality of global automobile brands increased by 16.1% for luxury brands while it decreased by 3.1% for mainstream brands. Conclusion: The study provides a theoretical implication in that it emphasized the efficiency of the quality viewed from the customer's perspective, and investigated the quality of the product and that of service in an integrative manner. In addition, this study provides also a practical implication in that it suggests how to set the sales goal by the brand and how to manage according to the characteristics of the brand to the managers of automobile manufacturers.