• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.69-79
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the involvement of patients who died from hematologic neoplasms in the decision-making process surrounding the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment (LST). Methods: A total of 255 patients diagnosed with hematologic neoplasms who ultimately died following decisions related to LST during their end-of-life period at a university hospital were included in the study. Data were retrospectively obtained from electronic medical records and analyzed utilizing the chi-square test, independent t-test, and logistic regression. Results: In total, 42.0% of patients participated in the decision-making process regarding LST for their hematologic neoplasms, while 58.0% of decisions were made with family involvement. Among these patients, 65.1% died in general wards and 34.9% in intensive care units (ICUs) as a result of decisions such as the suspension of LST. The period from the LST decision to death was longer when the decision was made by the patient (average, 27.15 days) than when it was made by the family (average, 7.48 days). Most decisions were made by doctors and family members in the ICU, where only 20.6% of patients exercised their right to make decisions regarding LST, a rate considerably lower than 79.4% observed in general wards. Decisions to withhold or withdraw LST were more commonly made by patients themselves than by their families. Conclusion: The key to discussing the decision to suspend hospice care and LST is respecting the patient's self-determination. If a patient is lucid prior to admission to the ICU, considerations about suspending LST should involve the patient input.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.121-129
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• 2008

This paper aimed to exam the influence factor of purchasing decision making of industrial buyer and analyzed their effects on success. From the previous studies, we extracted influence factor which are buying center, character of Industrial goods provider. The result showed the difference in the purchasing decision-making process in accordance with the type of buying task(Hypothesis 1). And a test was made the difference in the mode of purchase decision-making(Hypothesis 2). A test was made the difference in supplier's evaluative criterion in accordance with the type of buying task(Hypothesis 3).

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.182-187
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• 2020

When cells are stimulated by growth factors, they make a critical choice in early G₁ phase: proceed forward to S phase, remain in G₁, or revert to G₀ phase. Once the critical decision is made, cells execute a fixed program independently of extracellular signals. The specific stage at which the critical decision is made is called the restriction point or R-point. The existence of the R-point raises a major question: what is the nature of the molecular machinery that decides whether or not a cell in G₁ will continue to advance through the cell cycle or exit from the cell cycle? The R-point program is perturbed in nearly all cancer cells. Therefore, exploring the nature of the R-point decision-making machinery will provide insight into how cells consult extracellular signals and intracellular status to make an appropriate R-point decision, as well into the development of cancers. Recent studies have shown that expression of a number of immediate early genes is associated with the R-point decision, and that the decision-making program constitutes an oncogene surveillance mechanism. In this review, we briefly summarize recent findings regarding the mechanisms underlying the context-dependent R-point decision.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.23-30
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• 2005

Computer attacks on vulnerable software are ubiquitous. Today's attacks on client PCs can be used to create armies of zombie computers that are capable of wide reach attacks on high profile businesses and governments. The simple act of patching software vulnerabilities will certainly mitigate this problem, but patching has its own set of problems. Further, it is frequently the case that patches which are available to mitigate vulnerabilities are not being made on a timely basis and sometimes are not being made at all. One solution to the patch management dilemma is outsourcing. This paper notes that outsourcing is not a carte blanche decision that can be made based on dollars, but rather that a contingency decision matrix can provide guidance on outsourcing solutions for patch management and other security components as well. The matrix recognizes that IS staff expertise and employee security awareness are two important factors in the outsourcing decision.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.1115-1124
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• 2005

The usual distinction made in the literature is between decision facilitating and decision influencing. Because time only runs one way, both uses of cost information are problematic. In the first instance, a cost description (measurement or estimate) is provided to decision makers before a decision is made. Unfortunately, costs can only be measured after the fact. This means that cost analysts must estimate the costs of the alternatives under consideration. In some cases, measured cost is a reliable predictor of future costs; in other cases it is not. Regardless of its reliability, however, it is all we have or can have. Consequently, managers must be informed as to how their performance will be measured and how measured performance will affect outcomes they care about -- promotion, pay, esteem, etc. I will outline the basic approaches to cost measurement and then show how cost measures can be used to facilitate and to influence decisions of the railway industry.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.119-139
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• 2012

In the case of Banque Paribas V. Banco Santander in England for the reimbursement request of deferred payment credit by the nominated bank, the L/C-issuing bank refused to pay the proceeds at maturity because of a fraudulent transaction. The reason of refusal was that the nominated bank, Banco Santander, had no right of payment in deferred credit before its maturity if it made payment of proceeds without notice to the issuing bank, that is, payment not based upon a credit transaction but on its own account. However, in the case of ADIB V. Fortis Bank in America, the New York court made the decision that the deferred payment bank could not refuse to reimburse to the nominated bank, Fortis Bank, because of fraud. Its decision was based on the UCP600. We have analyzed and investigated the above two cases-one was an English court's decision and the other an American's. The English court's decision was made under UCP500, but the American court's was made under UCP600, which was revised in 2007. As a result, we can expect that from now on in deferred payment credit transactions, the power of the nominated bank will be greater than before, but the issuing bank will bear the risk of the beneficiary's fraud, so the issuing bank will be hesitant to issue deferred payment credit. Notwithstanding, we thought that the New York court decision would come into effect in the activation of deferred payment credit in practical trade transactions.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.127-147
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• 2001

This paper presents an analysis of Korean middle managers' decision-making processes. The sample included the observations of decisions made by 17 groups with 5 to 7 members each. The 5 hour-long, in average, decision processes were analysed by a modified system of Fisher's(1970) Interaction Process Analysis. The results showed that Korean managers followed alternative-focused decision processes, as opposite to value-focused ones. That is, the decision-making groups showed a strong trend to elaborate on alternative generation and evaluation right after the situation analysis. They tended to discuss the objectives of decision and relevant criteria only to resolve conflicts arisen during the evaluation process of alternatives. The analysis also showed that a decision proposition was more frequently followed by negative responses than positive ones and by interpretative evaluations than substantiative ones. The lessons from this study suggest a direction for the development of group decision support systems tailored for Korean cultural characteristics. This study is also meaningful as the first observation and empirical analysis of Korean middle managers' decision-making processes.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.161-172
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• 2017

The purposes of this study were to examine if a decision making by a tourist sequentially or hierarchically occurs in a tourism destination and to test determinants that have an effect on both a sequential and non-sequential decision making. An instrument for the study was developed with three steps. A total of 420 and 380 questionnaire were collected respectively for the first two round surveys. For the third step, a pilot test was conducted with 30 respondents. And the data analysis utilized SPSS 18.0. A logistic regression analysis with variables of tourism activity and demography was employed to investigate the factors that affect a sequence of decision-making process. As an important result, the higher the age of the tourist in a tourism destination, the more conspicuous the consumption expenditure is made through the sequential decision-making process. Additionally, it is unreasonable to apply the premises and assumptions in extant consumer behavior to tourist behavior. The process of decision making by tourists in tourism areas is driven by either non-sequential or non-hierarchical decision-making process. More discussion and implications were provided.

• Korean Journal of Hydrosciences
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• v.8
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• pp.31-40
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• 1997

Flow carrying capacity of water distribution systems is getting reduced by deterioration of pipes in the systems. The objective of this paper is to present a managerial decision-making model for the rehabilitation of water distribution systems with a mininum cost. The decisions made by the model also satisfy the requirements for discharge and pressure at demanding nodes in the systems. Replacement cost, pipe break repair cost, and pumping cost are considered in the economic evaluation of the decision along with the break rate and the interest rate to determine the optimal replacement time for each pipe. Then, the hydraulic integrity of the water distribution system is checked for the decision by a pipe network simulator, KYPIPE, if discharge and pressure requirements are satisfied. In case the system does not satisfy the hydraulic requirements, the decision made for the optimal replacement time is revised until the requirments are satisfied. The model is well applied to an existing water distribution system, the Seoul Metropolitan Water Supply System (1st Phase). The results show that the decisions for the replacement time determined by the economic analysis are accepted as optimal and hydraulic integrity of the system is in good condition.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.83-97
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• 2001

Net Present Value (NPV) criterion has been the most widely used criterion to evaluate investment opportunities. However, the analysis based on the NPV criterion falls to consider the managerial flexibility of deferring decisions until major uncertainty is resolved. Recently, real options method attracted a lot of attention as a Powerful approach to address the problem. If investment decision is deferred, the value of the investment opportunity increases but opportunity cost increases at the same time. Therefore, it is important to decide the optimal timing how long the decision can be deferred. In this paper, we developed a model deciding the optimal decision timing. Using the real options approach, the model derived the optimal deferring time until a decision is made. Then, the model was applied to a Korean mobile telecommunications company who wants to invest on the wireless resale business. We believe that this model would be very useful to overcome the problem of NPV decision criterion. With this approach, we can make contingent decisions based on the observation of uncertainly resolutions.