• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.480-497
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• 2012

As a new business concept, machine-to-machine (M2M) communications are born from original telemetry technology with the intrinsic features of automatic data transmissions and measurement from remote sources typically by cable or radio. M2M includes a number of technologies that need to be combined in a compatible manner to enable its deployment over a broad market of consumer electronics. In order to provide better understanding for this emerging concept, the correlations among M2M, wireless sensor networks, cyber-physical systems (CPS), and internet of things are first analyzed in this paper. Then, the basic M2M architecture is introduced and the key elements of the architecture are presented. Furthermore, the progress of global M2M standardization is reviewed, and some representative applications (i.e., smart home, smart grid and health care) are given to show that the M2M technologies are gradually utilized to benefit people's life. Finally, a novel M2M system integrating intelligent road with unmanned vehicle is proposed in the form of CPS, and an example of cyber-transportation systems for improving road safety and efficiency are introduced.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 1997

Effects of divalent cations such as $Mg^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Zn^2$ on splicing activity of phage T4 thymidylate synthase intron RNA have been investigated. At the concentration of 0.5 mM, $Mn^{2+}$ in the absence of $Mg^{2+}$, a very small amount of pre-RNA was cleaved into ligation products (El-E2) but no circular or linear intron was produced. As the concentration of $Mn^{2+}$ was increased from 1 to 5 mM the pre-RNA was completely hydrolyzed. In the presence of 5 mM $Mg^{2+}$, both the linear intron and circular intron were produced but no El-E2 ligation product was produced. At both 3 and 5 mM $Mn^{2+}$ the RNA was hydrolyzed completely as observed with no $Mg^2+$ being present. In the case of $Zn^{2+}$, even at 0.5 mM concentration, the pre-RNA was completely hydrolyzed. This observation suggested that $Zn^{2+}$ facilitates RNA hydrolysis more rapidly than $Mn^{2+}$ does. at 5mM $Ca^{2+}$, the RNA was not hydrolyzed and remained intact as a primary transcript.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.1-5
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• 1985

CulnSe2 single crystals were grown by the Bridgman method. The n.CulnSe2 single cry seals with a carrier concentration of 2.6$\times$1016/㎤ were obtained by a thermal treatment of the grown CulnSe2 single crystals in selenium atmosphere. The solar cell of n.CulnSe2-3M KOH+3M Na2 S+4M S junction was prepared by using n.Culnsel single crystal as a photoanode, 3M KOH+SM Nat S+4M S as Polysulfide solutions. The FF of the solar cell was 0.44 under 100 mW/cml illumination condition, and the conversion efficiency was 5.67%.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 1991

This stduy was carried out in order to investigate the effects of concentration and equilibration time of cryoprotective agents on survival rate of slow and ultrarapidly frozen in vitro fertilized bovine embryos. In vitro fertilized bovine embryos, following dehydration by cryoprotective agents and sucrose, were slowly freezed(from 2$0^{\circ}C$ to -7$^{\circ}C$/-1$^{\circ}C$/min., from -7$^{\circ}C$ -35$^{\circ}C$/-0.2$^{\circ}C$/min. from -35$^{\circ}C$ to -38$^{\circ}C$/-0.3$^{\circ}C$/min.) by cell freezer and directly plunged into liquid nitrogen and thawed in 38$^{\circ}C$ water. Survival rate was defined by development rate to the morula and blastocyst stage after in vitro cultured and FDA test. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The survival rates of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos after slow frozen-thawing in the freezing medium of 0.25M sucrose added 2.5M glycerol, 3.0M DMSO, 2.0M propanediol and 2.5M glycerol＋2.0M propanediol were 84.3%, 85.9%, 77.8%, 74.3%, respectively. 2. The survival rates of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos after slow frozen-thawing in the freezing of 0.50M sucrose added 2.5M glycerol, 3.0M DMSO, 2.0M propanediol and 2.5M glycerol＋2.0M propanediol were 83.8%, 85.1%, 71.4%, 74.6%, respectively. 3. The survival rates of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos after ultrarapid frozen-thawing in the freezing of 0.25M sucrose added 2.5M glycerol, 3.0M DMSO, 2.0M propanediol and 2.5M glycerol＋3.0M propanediol were 69.3%, 70.8%, 63.2%, 67.1%, respectively. 4. The survival rates of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos after ultrarapid frozen-thawing in the freezing of 0.25M sucrose added 2.5M glycerol, 3.0M DMSO, 2.0M propanediol and 2.5M glycerol＋2.0M propanediol were 69.4%, 70.1%, 62.3%, 63.5%, respectively. 5. The survival rates of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos after slow and ultrarapid fromthawing in the freezing medium of sucrose added cryoprotective agents were not significant difference between 5min. and 10min. of equilibration time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.347-352
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• 2010

There is a lack of survey standard for cross-to-nature small stream. In this research, we analyzed cross sectional survey data of Sanggachun stream, calculated variant quantity of soil, and suggested a survey interval. Descriptive analysis of cross sectional survey data shows the trend of stabilization; mean interval of survey is 14.91m(min: 7.0m, max: 39m), mean cross sectional variances are $0.82m^2$(min: $-3.80m^2$, max: $8.11m^2$) in 2004, $0.24m^2$ (min: $-5.25m^2$, max: $8.55m^2$) in 2005. Calculating results of variance quantity based on data of 65 cross sections show similar trends in 15m, 30m, 45m, 60m but different with results of 75m, 90m with Post-Hoc Test in statistical verification. We suggested standard cross sectional survey length of cross section for natural style small stream as 50m based on fitting results of standard variation of erosion and cumulation quantity by survey interval.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.485-495
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• 1994

Several new symmetric and asymmetric homo and hetero dinuclear complexes of the type $[Cl(dppp)(NO)_2M({\mu}-pyz)M'(NO)_2(dppp)Cl][ClO_4]_2$ and $[Cl(phen)(NO)_2M({\mu}-pyz)M'(NO)_2(dppp)Cl][ClO_4]_2$(M,M'= Mo or W; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; dppp = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane; pyz = 1,4-pyrazine) were synthesized in three-steps starting from $[M(NO)_2Cl_2]_n(M = Mo, W)$. The final products were purified by eluting it through silica gel column ($2{\times}20$ cm) with acetone as the eluent. Characterization of these complexes and some related complexes was accomplished through UV-vis., $^1H$-NMR, $^{13}C$-NMR and IR spectroscopies as well as elemental analysis. The infrared spectra indicate that the NO groups occupy cis-positions of the octahedral. The $^1H$ and $^{13}C-NMR$ data for the new compounds revealed a dimeric structures with bridged pyz.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.347-351
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• 2005

The amounts of organic carbon and several nutrients in litterfall on the forest floor of Quercus mongolica forest were assessed for two years from 1998 through 2000 in Mt. Songnisan National Park in Korea. The amounts of organic carbon (C) in litterfall were the highest in autumn with the values of $150.4g/m^2$ (62.6%) in 1998 and $219.2g/m^2$ (61.0%) in 1999. In winter, organic C was the lowest with the values of $16.3g/m^2$ (6.8%) in 1998 and $12.5g/m^2$ (6.7%) in 1999. It was estimated that the organic C added to forest floor via litterfall was 240.1 $g{\cdot}m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ and 186.6 $g{\cdot}m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ 1998 and 1999, respectively. The amounts of nitrogen (N) in litterfall were the highest in autumn with the values of 5.9 $g/m^2$ (58.0%) in 1998 and 5.2 $g/m^2$ (62.3%) in 1999. The amount of phosphorus (P) in litterfall showed its peak in autumn with 0.19 $g/m^2$ (52.9%) in 1998 and 0.11 $g/m^2$ (52.6%) in 1999. The amount of P returned to forest floor via litterfall was 0.35 $g{\cdot}m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ in 1998 and 0.22 $g{\cdot}m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ in 1999. The amount of potassium (K) in litterfall showed its peak in autumn with 0.57 $g/m^{2}$ (53.8%) in 1998 and 0.42 $g/m^2$ (55.3%) in 1999. The amounts of K returned to forest floor via litterfall was 1.11 $g{\cdot}m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ in 1998 and 0.81 $g{\cdot}m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ in 1999.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1138-1144
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• 2013

Cross-correlation functions of maximal period sequences have been studied for decades. In this paper, we find the cross-correlation values of non-linear sequences $S_a^r(t)=Tr_1^m\{[Tr_m^n(a{\alpha}^t+{\alpha}^{dt})]^r\}$ having the maximal period $2^n-1$ for Niho type decimation $d=2^{m-2}(2^m+3)$, where n=2m. In particular, we call d Niho type decimation in case $d{\equiv}1(mod\;2^m-1)$. And we analyze the cross-correlation distributions of $S_a^r(t)$ when the phase shift ${\tau}=(2^m+1)k(0{\leq}k{\leq}2^m-2)$ and provide experiment results.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 1991

This stduy was carried out in order to investigate the effects of cryoprotective concentration and equilibration time on survival rate of ultrarapidly frozen in vitro fertilized bovine embryos. In vitro fertilized bovine embryos, following dehydration by cryoprotective agents and sucorese were directly plunged into liquid nitrogen and thawed in 38$^{\circ}C$ water. Survival rate was defined by development rate to the morula and blaqstocyst stage after in vitro culture of by FDA test. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The survival rates of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos after ultrarapid frozen-thawing in the freezing medium of 0.25M sucroese added 2.0M, 2.5M, 3.0M, 3.5M, 4.0M glycerol were 75.0%, 72.0%, 67.6%, 44.8% and 18.3% respectively. 2. The survival rates of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos after ultrarapid frozen-thawing in the freezing medium of 0.25M sucrose added 2.0M, 2.5M, 3.0M, 3.5M, 4.0M DMSO were 64.0%, 66.7%, 70.8%, 52.7% and 18.6, respectively. 3. The survival rates of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos after ultrarapid frozen-thawing in the freezing medium of 0.25M sucrose added 2.0M, 2.5M, 3.0M, 3.5M, 4.0M propanediol were 68.4%, 64.9%, 63.2%, 62.2% and 34.7%, respectively. 4. The survival rates of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos after ultrarapid frozen-thawing in the freezing medium of 2.50M glycerol added 0.1M, 0.25M, 0.5M, 0.75M, sucrose were 60.5%, 72.2%, 70.1% and 54.9%, respectively. The survival rate of in vitro fertilized embryos after ultrarapid frozen-thawing in the freezing medium of 2.5M glycerol added 0.25M sucrose were higher than concentration of 0.10M, 0.50M and 0.75M sucrose. 5. The equilibration time on the survival rate of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos was attained after short period of time(2.5~5min.) in the freezing medium added 0.25M sucrose and 3.0M DMSO higher than long period time(1~20min.).

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.87-93
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• 2014

For n/m=qm+r, there is no simple divisibility rule for simple m=7 such that is the n multiply by m? This problem can be more complex for two or more digits of m. The Dunkels method has been known for generalized divisibility test method, but this method can not compute very large digits number that can not processed by computer. This paper suggests simple and exact divisibility method for m completely irrelevant n and m of digits. The proposed method sets $r_1=n_1n_2{\cdots}n_l(mod m)$ for $n=n_1n_2n_3{\cdots}n_k$, $m=m_1m_2{\cdots}m_l$. Then this method computes $r_i=r_{i-1}{\times}10+n_i(mod m)$, $i=2,3,{\cdots}k-l+1$ and reduces the digits of n one-by-one. The proposed method can be get the quotient and remainder with easy, fast and correct for various n,m experimental data.