• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.521-545
• /
• 2013

This study applied choice experiment(CE) method(which is included in the stated preference method) to estimate values of some important attributes(i.e. type of estuary, water quality of river in estuary, water quality of sea in estuary, biodiversity level of estuary) of 4 major river(Hangang, Guemgang, Yeongsangang, Nakdonggang) estuaries in Korea. Although the multinomial logit model(MNL) is generally applied to analyse the CE data, testing for IIA assumption with the Hausman and McFadden test in MNL model shows that the IIA assumption in our data is rejected. Therefore, the heteroscedastic extreme value model(HEV) and the multinomial probit model(MNP) which are not based on the IIA assumption are used to analyse our CE data. As results, the coefficients and the elicited economic values of MNL model are seriously distorted if the IIA assumption is not satisfied in MNL model. The estimation results of MNP model show that the economic values are elicited as 352.3 billion won(95% C.I. 261.1 - 477.8 billion won) for natural estuary, 411.5 billion won(95% C.I. 338.5 - 525.5 billion won) for one grade improvement of river water quality in estuary, 358.9 billion won(95% C.I. 292.5 - 457.0 billion won) for one grade improvement of sea water quality in estuary, and 151.9 billion won(95% C.I. 99.0 - 218.6 billion won) for one grade improvement of biodiversity level of estuary. Therefore, the value of estuary is reached to 2,197.0 billion won(95% C.I. 1,721.0 - 2,879.9 billion won) if any natural estuary in 4 major rivers has good water quality of river in estuary(i.e. 2nd grade), good water quality of sea in estuary(i.e. 1st grade), and good biodiversity level of estuary.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.384-398
• /
• 2015

In this paper, the high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting/Noah-MultiParameterization (WRF/Noah-MP) modeling system is configured for the Cheongmicheon Farmland site in Korea (CFK), and its performance in land and atmospheric simulation is evaluated using the observed data at CFK during the 2014 special observation period (21 August-10 September). In order to explore the usefulness of turning on Noah-MP dynamic vegetation in midterm simulations of surface and atmospheric variables, two numerical experiments are conducted without dynamic vegetation and with dynamic vegetation (referred to as CTL and DVG experiments, respectively). The main results are as following. 1) CTL showed a tendency of overestimating daytime net shortwave radiation, thereby surface heat fluxes and Bowen ratio. The CTL experiment showed reasonable magnitudes and timing of air temperature at 2 m and 10 m; especially the small error in simulating minimum air temperature showed high potential for predicting frost and leaf wetness duration. The CTL experiment overestimated 10-m wind and precipitation, but the beginning and ending time of precipitation were well captured. 2) When the dynamic vegetation was turned on, the WRF/Noah-MP system showed more realistic values of leaf area index (LAI), net shortwave radiation, surface heat fluxes, Bowen ratio, air temperature, wind and precipitation. The DVG experiment, where LAI is a prognostic variable, produced larger LAI than CTL, and the larger LAI showed better agreement with the observed. The simulated Bowen ratio got closer to the observed ratio, indicating reasonable surface energy partition. The DVG experiment showed patterns similar to CTL, with differences for maximum air temperature. Both experiments showed faster rising of 10-m air temperature during the morning growth hours, presumably due to the rapid growth of daytime mixed layers in the Yonsei University (YSU) boundary layer scheme. The DVG experiment decreased errors in simulating 10-m wind and precipitation. 3) As horizontal resolution increases, the models did not show practical improvement in simulation performance for surface fluxes, air temperature, wind and precipitation, and required three-dimensional observation for more agricultural land spots as well as consistency in model topography and land cover data.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.509-516
• /
• 2003

Growth curves were estimated for 1083 female Korean cattle raised in Daekwanryeong branch, National Livestock Research Institute (NLRI). Comparisons were made among various growth curve models for goodness of fit for the growth of the cows. Estimated growth curve functions were $W_t=370.2e^{-2.208e^{-0.00327t}$ for Gompertz model, for von Bertalanffy model, and $W_t=341.2(1+5.652e^{-0.00524t})^{-1}$ for Logistic model. Ages at inflection estimated from Gompertz model, von Bertalanffy model and Logistic model were 242.2 days, 191.5 days, and 330.5 days respectively, body weight at inflection were 136kg, 115kg, and 170kg, and daily gain at inflection were 0.445kg, 0.451kg, and 0.446kg. The predicted weights by ages from Gompertz model, von Bertalanffy model, and Logistic model were onsistently overestimated at birth weight and underestimated at 36 month weight. The von Bertalanffy model which had a variable point of inflection fit the data best.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.52 no.4
• /
• pp.265-270
• /
• 2010

Adipogenesis has been one of the most intensely studied models of cellular differentiation. During adipogenesis, differential expression of many adipogenesis related genes lead to profound changes in cellular, morphological, and physiological characteristics of the differentiating cells. The aim of the present study was to examine the expression levels of adipogenic candidate genes, cAMP early repressor (ICER), nephroblastoma over-expressed protein (NOV), heat shock protein beta 1 (HSPB1) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), during adipogenesis of bovine mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC). The BMSC were cultured in DMEM / low glucose medium with adipogenic inducers for 6 days and the expression of various candidate genes which seemed related to adipogenesis were measured by real-time PCR. This study showed that the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ${\gamma}$(PPAR${\gamma}$) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) genes as adipogenic indicators were increased to 3.11 and 3.11 folds on day 6 than on day 0, respectively (p<0.05). To determine whether candidate genes were related to adipogenesis, the expression levels of ICER, NOV, HSPB1, and SDH genes were measured during adipogenesis in BMSC. Our results showed that the expression level of ICER gene was significantly increased to 4.12 folds (0.01729 vs. 0.07138; p<0.05), whereas NOV, HSPB1, and SDH genes were decreased to 2.89, 3.18 and 2.36 folds, respectively, on day 6 when compared to day 0. These results suggest that these candidate genes have stimulatory or inhibitory effects on adipogenesis in BMSC, indicating that these genes may be directly or indirectly related to the adipogenic event of adipose precursor cells.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 1993

Objective of this research was to assess the influence of reaction time on the heavy metal-organic ligand complexation by employing kinetic models. Aqueous solutions of humic (HA) or fulvic acid (FA) were reacted with metal solutions with 1:1 ratio to form complexes. Efficiency of organic ligand on metal removal was determined by separating the precipitates from solution using $0.45\;{\mu}m$ filter paper. Complexation between Cu or Pb and HA or FA followed the first- or multiple first order kinetics, largely depending on metal concentration and kind of organic ligand. Amounts of precipitates were increased proportionally with reaction time but reached to quasiequilibrium where rate of precipitate formation was not varied with time. Copper-ligand complexation was, irrespective of ligand, fitted to the single first order kinetics at Cu concentrations lower than $300{\mu}M$, but this was fitted to the multiple first order kinetics at Cu concentrations higher than $300{\mu}M$. As increasing Cu concentrations, the precipitates formed more readily, judging from the increased rate constants (${\kappa}$). In the multiple first order kinetics, ${\kappa}$ was decreased as reaction steps proceeded. Most of Cu-ligand precipitates were formed within 15 min. FA precipitated Cu more rapidly than HA did. ${\kappa}$ for Pb-HA complexation was decreased but that for Pb-FA reaction was increased, as increasing Pb concentration. Most of Pb-organic ligand complexation occurred within 30 min. Afterwards, ${\kappa}$ values were relatively small and not affected much by time. Pb was precipitated by humic acid more readily than Cu when metal concnetrations were $200{\sim}300{\mu}M$. However, when metal concentrations were in the ranges of $400{\sim}500{\mu}M$, a reversed tendency was observed.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.18 no.1 s.59
• /
• pp.167-174
• /
• 2005

This study is to objectively support the emotional and intuitional decision making of the designer by means of developing the supporting models and tools of color coordination. Based on the color grouping system and representative vocabularies suggested in the precedent 'Study on the Grouping System of Fabric Color,' this study suggested the manufacture of the supporting model of color coordination that could be used practically through the design of coloring group. The results of this study can be summarized as below. Firstly, 687 colors in total have been collected from the four world famous collections, the street fashion of 2002 F/W 2003 S/S Season and the representative brands in each group for five years from 1999 to 2003 in order to single out the basic colors for the purpose of composing the color groups. Secondly, 687 collected colors have been grouped into 144 colors in total through the three-step process for the extraction of coloring groups. Thirdly, the final extracted colors have been divided into , , , group by the grouping system specified in the precedent study and the said four large groups have been again subdivided into 12 small groups. Fourthly, the suggested colors in each group have established a color coordination system by introducing the concept of the crossover coordination that could be matched with other groups as well as the coordination within the group. Fifthly, we have dyed 144 colors in total that have consisted of the coloring system of four representative groups (twelve subgroups) in each methodical tone as in the above in cotton yarn, one of the representative materials in fabric fashion design industry. Besides, we have specified the symbol of the Pantone Color Book and CMYK values in each color that has consisted of the system considering the industrial characteristics of fashion as a global business and the compatibility with the related design industry. Sixthly, we have packed the completed yam made of fabrics in the designed container for the easy use of cross-coordination and have completed a color coordination system that could be easily utilized for the fashion-related working-level staffs.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 1996

I. Project Title A Study of Brachytherapy for intraocular tumor II. Objective and Importance of the project The eye enucleation or external-beam radiation therapy that has been commonly used for the treatment of intraocular tumor have demerits of visual loss and in deficiency of effective tumor dose. Recently, brachytherapy using the plaques containing radioisotope-now treatment method that decrease the demerits of the above mentioned treatment methods and increase the treatment effect-is introduced and performed in the countries, Our purpose of this research is to design suitable shape of plaque for the ophthalmic brachytherapy, and to measure absorbed doses of Ir-192 ophthalmic plaque and thereby calculate the exact radiation dose of tumor and it's adjacent normal tissue. III. Scope and Contents of the project In order to brachytherapy for intraocular tumor, 1. to determine the eye model and selected suitable radioisotope 2. to design the suitable shape of plaque 3. to measure transmission factor and dose distribution for custom made plaques 4. to compare with the these data and results of computer dose calculation models IV. Results and Proposal for Applications The result were as followed. 1. Eye model was determined as a 25mm diameter sphere, Ir-192 was considered the most appropriate as radioisotope for brachytherapy, because of the size, half, energy and availability. 2. Considering the biological response with human tissue and protection of exposed dose, we made the plaques with gold, of which size were 15mm, 17mm and 20mm in diameter, and 1.5mm in thickness. 3. Transmission factor of plaques are all 0.71 with TLD and film dosimetry at the surface of plaques and 0.45, 0.49 at 1.5mm distance of surface, respectively. 4. As compared the measured data for the plaque with Ir-192 seeds to results of computer dose calculation model by Gary Luxton et al. and CAP-PLAN (Radiation Treatment Planning System), absorbed doses are within ${\pm}10\%$ and distance deviations are within 0.4mm Maximum error is $-11.3\%$ and 0.8mm, respectively. As a result of it, we can treat the intraocular tumor more effectively by using custom made gold plaque and Ir-192 seeds.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.676-684
• /
• 2017

The present study aimed to examine the hepatoprotective effects of ethanol extracts from steam-dried ginseng berry (SGBE) in both $\text\tiny{D}$-Galactosamine/Lipopolysaccharide ($\text\tiny{D}$-GalN/LPS)-sensitized mice and in vitro models. Our results clearly demonstrated that SGBE significantly reduced the level of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase in blood, and $TNF{\alpha}$ was normalized in 8 h after the treatment with $\text\tiny{D}$-GalN/LPS. Coincidently, major organs remained unimpaired when compared to $\text\tiny{D}$-GalN/LPS control group. Moreover, p38, which stimulates expression of NAFLD-associated cytokines, was markedly inhibited when treated with SGBE. In vitro analysis revealed that the main components of SGBE, linoleic acid and ginsenoside Re/Rd, may play a role in protecting liver from $\text\tiny{D}$-GalN/LPS-induced toxicity. Finally, we concluded that SGBE may be a promising therapeutic agent for preventing damage to the liver.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.50 no.9
• /
• pp.882-890
• /
• 2007

Purpose : Preterm very low birth weight infant have high rate of adverse neurodevelopmental sequale. Recently, there have been lots of reports that human umbilical cord blood transplantation ameliorates functional deficits in animal models as hypoxic ischemic injury. This pilot study was undertaken to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of autologous umbilical cord blood cell transplantation for preventing neurodevelopmental sequale in perterm VLBW. Methods : Subjects were 26 preterm infants whose birth weight are less than 1,500 g and delivered under the intrauterine period 34 weeks. Autologous umbilical mononuclear cells (about $5.87{\times}10^7/kg$) were injected to neonate via the umbilical vein on the postnatal 24-48 hour. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed by numbers of nucleated RBC, urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio, concentration of neuron specific enolase (NSE), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), and glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid on day 1 and 7. Results : There were no significant differences in the numbers of the nucleated RBC, urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio, concentration of creatine kinase between the transplanted infants and controls. But the nucleated RBC is more likely to be rapidly discharged in the transplanted group. In the transplanted group, the concentrations of IL6, $IL-1{\beta}$, and GDNF were no significant difference between day 1 and 7, although GDNF seemed to be elevated. Serum NSE concentration was significantly elevated after transplantation, but not in CSF. Conclusion : It is suggested that autologous umbilical cord blood transplantation in preterm very low birth weight infant is safe to apply clinical practice. Long term follow up study should be needed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of umbilical cord blood transplantation for neuroprotection.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.51
• /
• pp.181-201
• /
• 2018

The cartoon industry in Korea has continued to decline due to the contraction of published comics market and decrease in the number of comic books rental stores until the 2000s when it rapidly started to experience qualitative changes and quantitative growth due to the emergence of webtoon. The market size of webtoon industry, valued at 420 billion won in 2015, is expected to grow to 880.5 billion won by 2018. Notably, most cartoonists who draw cartoon strips are using digital devices and producing scripts in data, thereby overcoming the geographical, spatial and physical limitation of contents. As a result, a favorable environment for the creation of local ecosystems is generated. While the infrastructures of human resources are steadily growing by region, cartoon industries that are supported by the government policy have shown good performance combined with factors of creative infrastructures in local areas such as webtoon experience centers, webtoon campuses and webtoon creation centers, etc. Nevertheless, it is true that cartoon infrastructures are substantially based on a capital area which leads to an imbalanced structure of cartoon industry. To see the statistics, companies of offline cartoon business in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province make up 87%, except for distribution industry. In addition, companies of online cartoon business which are situated outside of Seoul and Gyeonggi Province form merely 7.5%. Studies and research on local webtoon are inadequate. The existing studies on local webtoon usually focus on its industrial and economic values, mentioning the word "local" only sometimes. Therefore, this study looked into the current status of local webtoon of the present time for the current state of local cartoon ecosystem, middle and long-term support from the government, and an alternative in the future. Main challenges include the expansion of opportunities to enjoy cartoon cultures, the independence of cartoon infrastructure, and the settlement of regionally specialized cartoon cultures. It means that, in order to enable the cartoon ecosystem to settle down in local areas, it is vital to utilize and link basic infrastructures. Furthermore, it is necessary to consider independence and autonomy beyond the limited support by the government. Finally, webtoon should be designated as a culture, which can be a new direction of the development of local webtoon. Furthermore, desirable models should be continuously researched and studied, which are suitable for each region and connect them with regional tourism, culture and art industry. It will allow the webtoon industry to soft land in the industry. Local webtoon, which is a growth engine of regions and main contents of the fourth industrial revolution, is expected to be a momentum for the decentralization of power and reindustrialization of regions.