• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2023

With the growth of Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies, the number of IoT devices developers need to manage has increased exponentially. Many IoT standards have been proposed to allow those devices to communicate efficiently in day-to-day tasks. However, we lack trusted interworking entities for devices from different standards to collaborate securely. This paper proposes a blockchain platform that bridges multiple heterogeneous IoT platforms to co-exist and interwork. Specifically, we designed an interworking proxy application entity (IPE) implemented as a chaincode in Hyperledger Fabric to collect and process data coming from/to oneM2M and LWM2M architecture. The use of blockchain will guarantee network reliability and data integrity so that cross-standard communications can be audited and processed securely. Based on our evaluation, we show that the interworking between oneM2M and LWM2M through our blockchain platform is feasible. Furthermore, the proposed system can process up to 206 transactions per second with 1,000 running applications, which is about an 87% increase from the previously referenced study.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.24-30
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• 2003

This study focuses on the arithmetical methodology and hardware implementation of low system-complexity A $B^2$＋C operator over GF(2$^{m}$ ) using the irreducible AOP of degree m. The proposed parallel-in parallel-out operator is composed of CS, PP, and MS modules, each can be established using the array structure of AND and XOR gates. The proposed multiplier is composed of (m＋1)$^2$ 2-input AND gates and (m＋1)(m＋2) 2-input XOR gates. And the minimum propagation delay is $T_{A}$ ＋(1＋$\ulcorner$lo $g_2$$^{m}$ $\lrcorner$) $T_{x}$ . Comparison result of the related A $B^2$＋C operators of GF(2$^{m}$ ) are shown by table, It reveals that our operator involve more lower circuit complexity and shorter propagation delay then the others. Moreover, the interconnections of the out operators is very simple, regular, and therefore well-suited for VLSI implementation.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.42 no.4 s.334
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• pp.19-28
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• 2005

In this paper, we proposed a parallel fast 2-D discrete wavelet transform hardware architecture based on lifting scheme. The proposed architecture improved the 2-D processing speed, and reduced internal memory buffer size. The previous lifting scheme based parallel 2-D wavelet transform architectures were consisted with row direction and column direction modules, which were pair of prediction and update filter module. In 2-D wavelet transform, column direction processing used the row direction results, which were not generated in column direction order but in row direction order, so most hardware architecture need internal buffer memory. The proposed architecture focused on the reducing of the internal memory buffer size and the total calculation time. Reducing the total calculation time, we proposed a 4-way data flow scheduling and memory based parallel hardware architecture. The 4-way data flow scheduling can increase the row direction parallel performance, and reduced the initial latency of starting of the row direction calculation. In this hardware architecture, the internal buffer memory didn't used to store the results of the row direction calculation, while it contained intermediate values of column direction calculation. This method is very effective in column direction processing, because the input data of column direction were not generated in column direction order The proposed architecture was implemented with VHDL and Altera Stratix device. The implementation results showed overall calculation time reduced from $N^2/2+\alpha$ to $N^2/4+\beta$, and internal buffer memory size reduced by around $50\%$ of previous works.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.78-86
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• 2011

The recovering of historical mountain fortress needs the maintenance of forest scape for achieving visibility. In the study, the methods for the maintenance of the forest around the fortress were proposed. The Cumulative Visibility Analysis and Multiple Sight Surface Analysis were tested to verify the methods using GIS on the Myeong-hwal Fortress in Kyungju. The results of the study are as follows. First, the Cumulative Visibility Analysis was made on the Myeong-hwal Fortress from surrounding major viewpoints. The Cumulative Visibility Analysis enables the selection of excellent visibility sectors on the fortress. The 6 excellent visibility sectors were 1,937m(which occupied 41.2% of the area). Second, two cases of pine tree height were compared in the Cumulative Visibility Analysis. One used the average height of pines and the other used the maximum growth height. The comparative result demonstrated that the case of average height would be more effective for deciding the pine removal zone as well as achieving visibility to the mountain fortress. Third, to examine the feasibility of the management method, the tree removal plan and removal execution were compared on the A zone which showed high visibility frequency. Asa comparative result, there was insignificant difference(3.3%) in area between the tree removal plan($10,935m^2$) and removal execution($11,296m^2$). This study proved the Cumulative Visibility Analysis and Multiple Sight Surface Analysis to be effective for forest scape maintenance around a mountain fortress.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2002

This study was conducted to select suitable turfarasses for use at 2002 world cup soccer fields in Korea. A 1/1000 scale Inchon worldcup soccer dome was constructed for this research. Species and seeding rates of cool-season grasses used inside and outside the dome were Kentuck bleugrass 10g/$m^2$ (KB), Kentucky bleugrass 10g/$m^2$+ perennial ryegrass 10g/$m^2$ mixture (KB+PR) and Kentucky bleugrass 6g/$m^2$+tall fescue 14g/$m^2$+ perennial ryegrass 4g/$m^2$ mixture (KB+TF+PR). Warm-season grasses also used in this study were Zoysia japonica 'Anyangjungzii' (ZA) and Zoysia japonica 'Zenith'(ZZ) which were layed as sod. So, total 5 types of grasses were used inside and outside the dome. The rootzone was constructed by the multi-layer method(United States Golf Association method). The plots were designed by randomized block design. Cool-season grasses(KB, KB+PR, KB+TF+PR) were found to be better performers for visual rating and visual color than the zoysiagrasses(ZA, ZZ). There were no significant differences in turf performance within cool-season grasses, while ZA showed better turf performances than ZZ within zoysiagrasses. The green color was maintained for about 10 months in the col-season grasses(KB, KB+PR, KB+TF+PR) compared to about 5~6 months in the zoysiagrasses. Root length and density data revealed higher values for KB, KB+PR and KB+TF+PR compared to ZA and ZZ. Root performance of 22 was better than ZA within zoysiagrasses which was the opposite result of turf performances. There was also no significant difference between U performance inside and outside the dome. However, the decreasing tendency of turf quality inside the dome at the end of the study showed that more proper maintenance technology was needed inside the d[me. It could be concluded by this study that cool-season grasses(KB, KB+PR, KB+TF+PR) were more suitable turfgrasses than waits-season zoysiagrasses(ZA, ZZ) for use at 2002 world cup soccer fields in Korea.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.497-505
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• 2016

The two-dimensional (2D) Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is used widely in image and video processing systems. The perception of human visualization permits us to design approximate rather than exact DCT. In this paper, we propose a digital implementation of 16-point approximate 2D DCT architecture based on one-dimensional (1D) DCT and Modified Gate Diffusion Input (MGDI) technique. The 8-point 1D Approximate DCT architecture requires only 12 additions for realization in digital VLSI. Additions can be performed using the proposed 8 transistor (8T) MGDI Full Adder which reduces 2 transistors than the existing 10 transistor (10T) MGDI Full Adder. The Approximate MGDI 2D DCT using 8T MGDI Full adders is simulated in Tanner SPICE for $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS process technology at 100MHZ.The simulation result shows that 13.9% of area and 15.08 % of power is reduced in the 8-point approximate 2D DCT, 10.63 % of area and 15.48% of power is reduced in case of 16-point approximate 2D DCT using 8 Transistor MGDI Full Adder than 10 Transistor MGDI Full Adder. The proposed architecture enhances results in terms of hardware complexity, regularity and modularity with a little compromise in accuracy.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.28 no.2A
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• pp.102-109
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• 2003

In this paper, the new multiplicative algorithm using standard basis over GF(2m) is proposed. The multiplicative process is simplified by data select method in proposed algorithm. After multiplicative operation, the terms of degree greater than m can be expressed as a polynomial of standard basis with degree less than m by irreducible polynomial. For circuit implementation of proposed algorithm, we design the circuit using multiplexer and show the example over GF(24). The proposed architectures are regular and simple extension for m. Also, the comparison result show that the proposed architecture is more simple than privious multipliers. Therefore, it well suited for VLSI realization and application other operation circuits.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.48-55
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• 2009

This paper presents a high-speed Forward Error Correction (FEC) architecture based on three-parallel Reed-Solomon (RS) decoder for next-generation 100-Gb/s optical communication systems. A high-speed three-parallel RS(255,239) decoder has been designed and the derived structure can also be applied to implement the 100-Gb/s RS-FEC architecture. The proposed 100-Gb/s RS-FEC has been implemented with 0.13-${\mu}m$ CMOS standard cell technology in a supply voltage of 1.2V. The implementation results show that 16-Ch. RS-FEC architecture can operate at a clock frequency of 300MHz and has a throughput of 115-Gb/s for 0.13-${\mu}m$ CMOS technology. As a result, the proposed three-parallel RS-FEC architecture has a much higher data processing rate and low hardware complexity compared with the conventional two-parallel, three-parallel and serial RS-FEC architectures.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.545-550
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• 2021

Background and objective: With increasing land use intensity in urban areas, apartment buildings have been recognized as a typical type of urban residence. In this study, the impacts of different views through a window on health-related responses were investigated using psychological and physiological parameters. Methods: Photos of three different types of views taken on low (2-12 m), middle (28-35 m), and high (over 54 m) floors of dense apartment building areas were used as visual stimuli. Twenty-two healthy adults participated in the indoor experiment. Semantic differential methods and profile of mood states were used as psychological tools. Autonomic nervous activity was evaluated using blood pressures, pulse rate and heart rate variability (HRV). Results: Analytic data showed different characteristics of psychological and physiological outcomes in three different apartment views. In the analysis of psychological parameters, significantly negative responses to the views on middle floors were found in the subscales of tension-anxiety and anger-hostility, compared to low floors. Significantly positive scores in the subscale of vigor were found on low floors with abundance of vegetation and high floors with a view of the sky. A significantly increased value of HF was found on low floors (2,294.96 ± 169.79), compared to the middle(1,553.45 ± 84.66) and high (1,523.02 ± 70.49) floors. Despite the high scores in openness and vigor, high floor views showed significantly higher LF/HF values (1.83 ± 0.09), the indicator of the sympathetic nervous system, than low (1.30 ± 0.07) and middle floor views (1.34 ± 0.06), which might be related to the unconscious fear of heights. Conclusion: Views from different heights in an apartment building can affect the psychological states of residents. Green space through the window may have a positive health outcome by reducing physiological stress.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2011

Architectural market in the world is trying to develop Zero Carbon Buildng that doesn"t use fossil fuel. Residential building that thermal load such as heating and domestic hot water is over 70% in energy consumption is easy to make Zero Carbon Building compared with office building that is mainly electric load. So, As a preliminary for analyzing the effect of Solar thermal system in the building, an annual energy consumption of residential building and total heat loads are calculated. Based on this result, three alternatives of solar thermal system for hot water and heating are applied in the building while installation area is increasing. Solar thermal system is applied on balcony and roof of apartment building as the way to reduce thermal load. In the first case that solar thermal system for hot water is applied on the balcony, optimum installation area is $56m^2$. And you could install $40m^2$ of this system in the roof that angle is $30^{\circ}$. In the second case of solar thermal system for heating and hot water, you can install $40m^2$ on the roof. As a result of economic evaluation, the most economical application method is to install $40m^2$ of solar thermal system for only hot water on the roof of the building. At that time, you can payback the initial investing cost within 10 years. And carbon emission of this method can be reduced until about 4 ton per year.