• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.263-271
• /
• 2013

The decrease of bone mineral density gives rise to the outbreak of osteopenia and makes the possibility of a bone fracture. It makes health problems in society. It's very important to prevent osteopenia in advance. Also it's critical to prevent and take care of it in adolescent because it's the most developing period comparing to middle ages because that bone mineral density decreases. There are genetic, physical and enviromental factors that affect bone mineral density. Recently, a lifestyle and eating habits are also changing as the society atmosphere is gradually doing. This study have shown that 134 women and 75 men was chosen and responded to the survey of measuring bone mineral density and investigating a lifestyle. The measure of bone mineral density is to use Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA) and check femoral neck and lumbar spine. Also questionaries was required to pre-made survey about their lifestyles. Analysis of data was done with SPSS program. Multiple regression analysis was used for the relation of bone mineral density, the heigths and BMI. The sample of Groups are checked for drinking, smoking or excercising about differences by t-test. The results of the experiments were; first, there is statistically significant differences in the comparisons between BMD and BMD. But there isn't any special correlation between drinking, smoking and BMD. Secondly, bone mineral density becomes low related to an intake of caffeine. Particularly, this is statically significant on women. Also there is statically significant correlation between femoral neck and quantity of motion for both men and women. Third, there is significant relation between eating habits and bone mineral density on women's lumbar spine. However, there is no significant relation between men's lumbar spine and women's one. Therefore, to prevent osteopenia, it's good to abstain from intaking caffeine within an hour after a meal. In addition, it's helpful to walk or run regularly and have a balanced meal.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.29 no.7
• /
• pp.806-820
• /
• 1996

The relationship between exercise and hone mineral density (BMD) was investigated in 153 healthy women. The BMD of lumbar spine, femur(neck, ward's triangle, trochanter) and total body was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in a group subjects(65) aged 19-59 years who had been exercising(swimming or aerobic dancing) regularly for at least 2 years as well as in a similar group of nonexercising control subjects(88). Weight, height, total lean body mass(=weight-total fat body mass-bone mineral content), animal and meat Ca, Ca index, energy expenditure, BMD, PYD/Cr were significantly higher in the exercisers than the controls. There were significantly negative correlations between age, ALP and osteocalcin and BMD, but significantly positive correlations between weight, BMI, total fat body mass and total lean body mass and BMD. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that total lean body mass may be a better independent predictor to BMD than total fat body mass. The nutrient intakes were more closely related to BMD in the exercisers than the controls, but energy expenditure was more closely related to BMD in the controls than the exercisers Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that BMD was closely related to menopause, osteocalcin, age, weight in both groups but energy intake in the exercisers alone, energy expenditure in control alone. In premenopausal women, the exercisers had significantly greater BMD than the controls. But, in postmenopausal women, no significant difference between two groups was detected. When compared to BMD of the subjects with same age range to minimize the effect of age, aerobic dancing appears to be capable of exerting a positive effect on BMD in a group of subjects aged 19-44. However, no relationship of the swimming to BMD could be identified in a group of subjects aged 37-59. The results of this study suggest that the usefulness of exercisng appears to be significantly greater in preemenopausal women than postmenoparusal women and weight bearing activity, aerobic dancing is associated with increasing BMD at the weight bearing sites and could be beneficial in the prevention of bone loss. But the usefulness of swimming on bone should be further investgated.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.311-316
• /
• 2018

Average life expectancy is getting longer due to medical developments and improvements in living standards. So much so that the elderly have an increased risk of developing osteoporosis. Therefore, it is important to prevent, diagnose, and treat the senile disease at an early stage through a bone density test. Bone density is measured by dual energy X-ray absorption (DXA). In this study, while using DXA, in cases when the measurements for both the lumbar and the femur could not be taken simultaneously, the correlation between both measurements were known, and the measurement of one area was used to make a clinical inference for the value of the other. Measurements were taken using Lunar Prodigy Advance (GE) for 43 participant with clinically significant fractures. Statistical calculations were produced and analysed regarding bone density. In case of T-score, lumbar spine produced a statistical result of $-2.112{\pm}1.836$ and femur neck was $-1.716{\pm}1.565$. In case of Z-score lumbar spine produced a statistical result of $-0.151{\pm}1.513$, and femur neck $-0.026{\pm}1.283$. It is indicated that the pearson correlation coefficient of T-score between lumbar spine and femur neck is high at 0.699, and the pearson correlation coefficient of Z-score is considered relatively high at 0.503. The correlation of bone density between lumbar spine and femur neck is shown to be statistically meaningful in T-score's p-value at 0.000 and Z-score's p-value at 0.001. In conclusion, it seems to have clinical usefulness that we can infer the result of one measurement through that of the other part tested, based on the knowledge of the correlation coefficients between lumbar spine and femur neck.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.242-250
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to assess the bone mineral density (BMD) and the anthropometric measurements, life style, and other environmental factors affecting BMD in Korean adolescents. Subjects were 167 high school students (83 male students, 84 female students) in Seoul. BMD was measured in the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), femoral trochanter (FT), and Ward's triangle (WT) by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The questionnaire was used to assess the anthropometric measurements, life style, and other environmental factors. Bone mineral density of LS, FN, FT and WT were 0.967, 0.960, 0.795, $0.761 g/{\cal}cm^2$. The BMD of LS was not different by sex but the male students's BMD of FN, FT and WT were higher significantly than the female students (LS: 0.976 vs. 0.958, FN: 1.040 vs. 0.880, FT: 0.842 vs. 0.749, WT: 0.827 vs. $0.695 g/{\cal}cm^2$) Female students's BMD of LS, FN, WT, and FT was positively correlated with weight but male students's BMD of WT was not correlated with weight. The factors such as the life style, activity and exercise have significant influence on BMD. This study confirms that the major factor affecting BMD was body weight and the factors such as the life style, activity and exercise is related to accumulation of BMD. The classification of sexual characteristics is needed for further studies on BMD of adolescents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.154-166
• /
• 2003

To investigate the effects of isoflavone supplementation on both bone mineral density and hormone variation in premenopausal women who had decreased bone mass, the 24 subjects were divided into two groups: one was the underweight group, consisting of 13 subjects, and the other was the normal weight group consisting of 11 subjects. For each group, we investigated the effects of isoflavone supplementation of 90 mg/day on both bone mineral density and hormone variation during 3 menstrual cycles. Anthropometric measurements, dietary recall, and analyses of blood and urine were assessed from baseline to post-treatment. The results were as follows: The average age of the underweight group was 21.8 years old and that of the normal weight group was 23.2 years old. The comparative results for the two groups at baseline were as follows: Onset of menarche, menstrual cycle, and menstrual length were not significantly different between the groups. Serum protein, total, HDL-, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, Ca, P, Mg, Cu, and Zn level were not significantly different between the groups. Serum estradiol, SHBG, LH, and FSH level were also not significantly different between the groups. Lumbar spine BMD by T scores of the underweight group was significantly lower than that of the normal weight group. Serum osteocalcin, urinary DPD, and urinary pH were not significantly different between the groups. The comparative results for the two groups at post-treatment were as follows: From baseline to post-treatment, the intake of energy, nutrients and isoflavone in food did not significantly change in either group. Serum protein, total cholesterol, HDL-, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels did not significantly change in either group. Serum Ca, Cu, and Zn levels were significantly lower in both groups and serum Mg level significantly decreased only in the underweight group. Serum estradiol levels were significantly lower in both groups, but serum SHBG, LH, and FSH levels did not significantly change in either group. Lumbar spine BMD by T score of the underweight group significantly increased to 15%, but that of the normal weight group did not significantly change. Serum osteocalcin of the underweight group significantly increased to 28%, while that of the normal weight group significantly increased to 40%. Urinary DPD of the normal weight group significantly increased to 12%. The results show that the BMD of the underweight group was lower than that of the normal weight group. Therefore, the underweight group had a disadvantage in obtaining maximum bone mineral density. The results also show that isoflavone supplementation during 3 menstrual cycles was effective in increasing the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and affected bone metabolism markers in premenopausal underweight women. Therefore, it can be concluded that sufficient intake of isoflavone could be helpful in preventing decreases in bone mass among premenopausal women, especially underweight women.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.408-419
• /
• 2017

This study was carried out to compare the relationship between biochemical indices and bone mineral density (BMD) in 50 pre-menopausal and 50 post-menopausal women. The subjects were divided into normal and risk groups according to their bone status, as determined by T-scores of the lumbar spine and femur. The average T-score of the lumbar spine was higher (p<0.05) in pre-menopausal women ($0.42{\pm}0.18$) than post-menopausal women ($-0.08{\pm}0.21$). Serum levels of HDL-cholesterol, P, and Fe were significantly higher in the risk group than the normal group in pre-menopausal women (p<0.05). Serum levels of total protein, globulin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin were lower in the risk group than the normal group, whereas the level of estrogen was higher in the normal group than the risk group in post-menopausal women (p<0.05). In pre-menopausal women, P was positively correlated with Ca (p<0.01), and ALP was positively correlated with osteocalcin (p<0.01) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) (p<0.05). Further, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) was negatively correlated with the vitamin $25(OH)D_3$ and vitamin K (p<0.05). In post- menopausal women, the Ca was positively correlated with vitamin $25(OH)D_3$ (p<0.05) and vitamin K (p<0.01), and P was positively correlated with vitamin K (p<0.01), Ca (p<0.01), and IGF-I (p<0.05) and negatively correlated with PTH (p<0.05). IGF-I was negatively correlated with PTH (p<0.01) and estrogen (p<0.05), and ALP was positively correlated with osteocalcin (p<0.01) and negatively correlated with vitamin K and estrogen (p<0.05). In pre-menopausal women, the lumbar spine BMD was positively correlated with vitamin K level (p<0.01) and negatively correlated with P level (p<0.05). In post-menopausal women, the femur BMD was positively correlated with estrogen level and negatively correlated with PTH leves (p<0.05). These results suggest that vitamin K and P levels are associated with bone health in pre-menopausal women, and estrogen and PTH levels are associated with bone health in post-menopausal women.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.136-144
• /
• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine which factors influence the bone mineral density (BMD) of total femur (TF), femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) of the adult men by analyzing nationally representative Korean survey data. Methods: This study was conducted based on the data of 1,770 men aged 19-64 years from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2011. The BMD was analyzed by various factors (general characteristics, anthropometric data, health habits, chronic diseases, nutrient intake status). SPSS statistics for complex samples was used to analyze the data. Results: We observed that the BMD decreased significantly with aging. The BMD in each of the second lowest quartile of waist circumference (in TF & FN) and body mass index (in TF & LS) was lower than the respective BMD in the highest quartile group. The BMD in FN was higher in the group who reported the weight training. The BMD in LS was lower in hypercholesterolemia group than in the normal group. The BMD in TF, FN and LS was lower in hypertriglyceridemia group and in diabetes group than in the normal group. The BMD in TF, FN and LS was higher in the group with < Estimated Average Requirement iron intake. But there was no evidence to suggest that the BMD was related with educational level, income level, smoking, alcohol intake, anemia and nutrient intake status (except for iron). Conclusions: This study suggested that aging, waist circumference, body mass index, weight training, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglycemia, diabetes were site-specifically associated with the BMD in TF, FN and LS in the adult men. These bone site-specific factors need to be considered for the prevention of osteoporosis.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.193-205
• /
• 1999

This study was carried out to identify the important risk factors for reduced bone mass of postmenopausal RA patients and to develop discriminant function which can classify postmenopausal RA patients with either reduced or normal bone mass. Through the literature review, individual characteristics such as age, body weight, height, age of menarche, duration of menopause, gravity, parity, and breast feeding period and factors of life style such as milk consumption exercise habit, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, coffee consumpt ion , disease activity, corticosteroid therapy were identified as influencing factors of reduced bone mass in RA patients Sixty eight postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis aged between 42 and 76 were selected among those who checked bone mineral density in lumbar spine and femur from october, 1998 to Apr il, 1999 at Dong-a university hospital in Pusan. Assessment of disease activity, duration of disease and corticosteroid therapy were made by the same rheumatologist and included Ritchie articular index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein on measuring bone mineral density. Cumulative steroid dosage was calculated from the daily dosage multiplied by t h e number of days received. The information of other risk factor including health assessment score, individual characteristics and life style factors were collected by questionnaire. Bone mineral density(BMD) was measured using DXA at lumbar spine and femoral Ward's triangle. Discriminant function(regression equation) was developed for estimating the likelihood of the presence or absence of reduced bone mass. The results are as follows: Among the subjects, thirteen(19.1%) exhibited osteoporosis in lumbar spine and twenty four(35.3%) exhibited osteoporosis in femoral Ward's triangle. For lumbar spine, the variables significant were age, body weight, health assessment score, while for femoral Ward's triangle, age, body weight, duration of disease. But disease activity and corticosteroid therapy were not signigicant to distinguish reduced bone mass from normal bone mass. When the discriminant function was evaluated by comparing the observed out come with predicted out come, the discriminant function correctly classified 85.4% of patients with reduce bone mass and 63.0% of patients with normal bone mass in the lumbar spine and 100% of patients with reduced bone mass and 9.1% of patients with normal bone mass in the femoral Ward's triangle. In summary, we found that osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with RA is more evident at the femur than the lumbar spine. Also the important discriminant factors of reduced bone mass postmenopausal women with RA were age, body weight , duration of disease and health disability. In nursing situation, the efforts to improve of functional capacity of postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis should be considered to prevent osteoporosis and fractures. Also we recommend those postmenopausal women with RA who are classified as a group of the reduced bone mass in the discriminant function should examine the bone mineral density to further examine the usefulness of this discriminant function.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.36-45
• /
• 1998

Dietary and other factors affecting bone density of 32 Korean healthy college women aged 19-23 years were assessed. Data for food and nutrient intake was obtained by a semiquantitiative food frequency questionnaire. Serum samples were anlayzed for total Ca, P, Ca++, PTH, calcitonin and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol , (25-OH-Vit D3) and BMDs of lumbar spine(L2-L4), femoral neck(FN), ward's triangle (WT) and trochanter(TR) were measured by an XR-series X-ray bone densitometer. Relationships between the factors and BMDs were analyzed by stepwise multiple regression analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient(r). The results are summarized as follows. Mean daily intake of energy(86.1%), Ca(74.3%), vitamin A (53.75), Fe(49.75) and vitamin B$_2$(86.6%) were lower while other notrients incuding P(126%) were higher than the Korean RDA. The BMDs of lumbar spines and femurs ranged from 0.73g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ to 1.23g/$\textrm{cm}^2$and 0.48g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ to 1.04g/$\textrm{cm}^2$, respectively. Both protein and P intakes were inversely associated with serum total Ca. Furthermore, Ca intake as well as Ca/P ratio (Ca/P) were inversely associated with serum ionized Ca(Ca++) concentration. The intakes of protein P and Ca , however, were not significantly associated with the BMDs measured in this study. There were little association between BMDs and alcoholic beverage or caffeine consumption. The only significant association detected was a positive relationship between caffeine consumption and BMD of WT. It seemed to be noticeable that BMDs of L2-L$_4$, FN and WT were significantly inversely associated with serum P concentration. However, there was no significant association between BMDs and the levels of total Ca to Ca++ in serum. Body weight was positively associated with BMD of lumbar spine and BMI was also positively associated with BMDs of FN and WT. The subjects who had an early menarche appeared to have higher BMDs than those who had had a late mearche. According to stepwise multiple regression analysis. Menarche and BMI were stronger determinants of BMDs in the young women than was diet. P intake appeared to be a more potent dietary determinant than Ca intake. The three factors, menarche, BMI , and P intake , additionally accounted for 24% and 378% of the variance in BMDs of FN and L$_2$-L$_4$, respectively. Further investigation is necessary to determine the factors needed to increase serum P level which negatively affects. BMD in young Korean college women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.84 no.2
• /
• pp.427-440
• /
• 2023

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the fat signal fraction (FF) of the fat-dominant bone tissue of the knee joint, measured using the MRI Dixon method (DIXON) technique, and bone mineral density (BMD). Materials and Methods Among the patients who underwent knee DIXON imaging at our institute, we retrospectively analyzed 93 patients who also underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry within 1 year. The FFs of the distal femur metaphyseal (Fm) and proximal tibia metaphyseal (Tm) were calculated from the DIXON images, and the correlation between FF and BMD was analyzed. Patients were grouped based on BMD of lumbar spine (L), femoral neck (FN), and common femur (FT) respectively, and the Kruskal-Wallis H test was performed for FF. Results We identified a significant negative correlation between TmFF and FN-BMD in the entire patient group (r = -0.26, p < 0.05). In female patients, TmFF showed a negative correlation with FN-BMD, FT-BMD, and L-BMD (r = -0.38, 0.28 and -0.27, p < 0.05). In male patients, FmFF was negatively correlated with only FN-BMD and FT-BMD (r = -0.58 and -0.42, p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the TmFF between female patients grouped by BMD (p < 0.05). In male patients, there was a significant difference in FmFF (p < 0.05). Conclusion Overall, we found that FF and BMD around the knee joints showed a negative correlation. This suggests the potential of FF measurement using DIXON for BMD screening.