• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.89-98
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• 2020

Purpose: The growth of online commerce is now becoming a major threat and a new opportunity for retailers. Existing offline retailers struggle to cope with new online retailers' threats by utilizing offline infrastructure. Besides, online retailers expand their online strengths to offline sales by opening their offline stores. Many retailers are paying close attention to the O2O business and the resulting changes. Thus, this research focuses on the O2O business model and process that retailers can adopt. Research design, data and methodology: Considering the features of products that retailers sell, this paper divides O2O business process with the following criteria: delivery lead-time and delivery area. And This research uses the business model canvas to define the features of O2O commerce business process. This paper also uses nine key elements in the business model canvas for analyzing the structure of O2O commerce business. Results: This paper suggests the delivery model of retailers respond to offline customer orders and summarizes the following results. (1) Considering characteristics such as logistics process, delivery area, and product type, we define the features of O2O business models: wide-area (warehouse) based O2O business model, regional area (store) based O2O business model and time-separated O2O business model. (2) This study checks the availability of the business model through the business cases of O2O business models. (3) This study also analyzes the O2O business model of domestic retail companies by the factors defined in the business model canvas. Conclusions: Retailers can adopt the O2O business process to fit their business requirements and strategy. The online retailers who deal with normal consumer products mainly have the wide-area based O2O business model. The wide-area based O2O business model can be suitable for retailers who manage inventory centrally. The time-separated O2O business model can be a good solution for fresh food retailers to operate the logistics process efficiently. And to shorten the delivery lead-time of fresh foods, the regional area based O2O business model can be fit to the retailer that utilizes its offline logistics or sales infrastructure. It may be much more important for retailers to share the inventory information with other branches and to change the role of offline stores.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.817-821
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• 2010

As the environment of Logistics is changing rapidly, the environment of port is also changing. Accordingly, rapid change within port environment appears as the increase of the volume for world wide cargo, liner ship owners' strategy shift, globalization of terminals, heavy competitions to become a hub of Logistics, development of ship engineering. Therefore, the people who are responsible for the operations and managements of ports foresee such changes and accordingly react to ensure competitiveness. As the competition among ports generally goes international, a port needs to be sure that they become superior to any other port regardless of whether it's outside their country or not. Especially Korea is located in the most heavily competitive area which is Far-East. So if we fail to get competitiveness against the other ports, it goes without saying that our ports will be defeated by them. In brief, this paper will discuss the history of study regarding the factors by which a port is selected and also suggest some of elements which can be applied to small ports in the future of it.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.545-556
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• 2017

Various assessment indexes have been developed and utilized to evaluate the driver workload. However, existing workload assessment indexes do not fully reflect driving habits and driving patterns of individual drivers. In addition, there exists significant differences in the amount of workload experienced by a driver and the ability to overcome the driver's workload. To overcome these limitations associated with existing indexes, this study has developed a novel workload assessment index to reflect an individual driver's driving pattern. An average of the absolute values of the steering velocity for each driver are set as a threshold value in order to reflect the driving patterns of individual drivers. Further, the sum of the areas of the steering velocities exceeding the threshold value, which is defined as erratic steering area (ESA) in this study, was quantified. The developed ESA index is applied in evaluating the driver workload of manually driven vehicles in automated vehicle platooning environments. Driving simulation experiments are conducted to collect drivers' responsive behavior data which are used for exploring the relationship between the NASA-TLX score and the ESA by the correlation analysis. As a result, ESA is found to have the greatest correlation with the NASA-TLX score among the various driver workload evaluation indexes in the lane change scenario, confirming the usefulness of ESA.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.187-206
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• 2019

After reviewing the concept and previous studies related to green ports, this study analyzes the implications of green port policy of advanced ports in foreign countries and analyzes problems in terms of environmentally-friendly green port policy for Ulsan port, and to present sustainable green logistics establishment measures. The literature survey and Benchmarking methods are adopted as research methodology and the results are as follows. First, the pan-government climate change response management system, legislation of relevant laws, implementation of fiscal support policies, and roadmaps should be established. Second, the foundation for eco-friendly green growth should be established through the discovery of business models in conjunction with leading industries in the Southeastern Metropolitan Economic Area. Third, the Ulsan Port Greenport, such as AMP, in-port LNG propulsion ship, and ESI vessel incentive, should be built. Fourth, a low-carbon, high-efficiency sea-shuttle service shall be established through the introduction of the sea-shuttle service along the sea route. Fifth, energy self-reliant ports, including all institutions in the metropolitan Ulsan port area that have exceeded the level of Ulsan port Authority, should be built. Finally, water-type ports need to be built through the creation of coastal forests, the purification of marine water quality, and the introduction of colors to port.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Industrial Systems Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.95-108
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• 2006

Because of rapid expansion of third party logistics, fierce competition in the transportation industry, and the diversification and globalization of transportation channels, an effective transportation planning by means of multimodal transport is badly needed. Accordingly, this study aims to suggest an optimal transport algorithm for the multimodal transport in the international logistics. Cargoes and stopovers can be changed numerously according to the change of transportation modes, thus being a NP-hard problem. As a solution for this problem, first of all, we have applied a pruning algorithm to simplify it, suggesting a heuristic algorithm for constrained shortest path problem to find out a feasible area with an effective time range and effective cost range, which has been applied to the Label Setting Algorithm, consequently leading to multiple Pareto optimal solutions. Also, in order to test the efficiency of the algorithm for constrained shortest path problem, this paper has applied it to the actual transportation path from Busan port of Korea to Rotterdam port of Netherlands.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.189-207
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• 2006

As the development of Northeast Asian logistics hub becomes one of the national agenda for further development, the sea&Air transport around the Yellow Sea regions has drawn attention of many scholars and government officials. The Sea&air transport is a mode of transportation combining the advantage of high-speed in air transport with the advantage of low-price in sea transport. Hence the sea&air aims at a niche market between air and sea. This paper reviews the possibility of development of the sea&air transport in the aspects of competitiveness over other modes, future demand condition, and the change of the technology and transport environment. The result is that the sea&air is competitive in the aspect of time as well as cost, and sustainable in the aspect of future demand condition. But, it is not stable in the aspect of the conditions of technology or transport demand. Especially, the progress of air transport technology which is aiming at the door-to-door transport among mid- and small- cities, and the rapidly increasing strategic alliances of international airlines with Chinese airlines for the market of China will undermine the stability of the sea&air transport seriously As alternatives, this paper proposes the 3-stage development strategy of sea&air transport. First, at the stage of transshipement, the development of high speed vessels to reduce the time crossing the Yellow Sea and the proactive marketing strategy to induce Chinese-owned products should be emphasized. Second, the value added logistics activity which will secure the demand of the sea&air transport should be developed. Third, demand creation by developing the SCM hub in Incheon is final goal for the logistics hub strategy as well as the sea&air transport.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 2022

The demands for Home Meal Replacement (HMR) products are continuously increasing owing to the convenience of instant food and online food delivery. Ready-to-heat (RTH) products have received massive attention in the HMR industry because these products can be easily warmed using a microwave oven. However, the conventional microwave packaging should be opened before microwave heating to prevent bursting or food loss owing to the steam-pressure build-up inside the package. Open packaging might lead to non-uniform food heating and cross-contamination. Therefore, packaging materials that are able to release steam without opening are of interest to the HMR industry. In this study, polylactic acid(PLA)/polyethylene glycol(PEG)/nanoclay composite films were manufactured using an extrusion method as packaging materials with a smart steam-releasing function. The introduction of PEG to the PLA imparted a steam self-releasing feature to the composite films owing to the morphology change of composite films during microwave heating. Further, PEG increased the ductility of PLA, which in turn prevented bursting caused due to the steam-pressure build-up. The uniform dispersion of nanoclay obtained by a twin-screw extrusion led to stronger mechanical properties. Therefore, the smart composite films developed here can be applied as microwave packaging materials with a self-releasing function.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.132-145
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• 2022

This study was based on the black box images of traffic accidents on highways, cluster analysis and prediction model comparisons were carried out. As analysis data, vehicle driving behavior and road surface conditions that can grasp road and traffic conditions just before the accident were used as explanatory variables. Considering that traffic accident data is affected by many factors, cluster analysis reflecting data heterogeneity is used. Each cluster classified by cluster analysis was divided based on the ratio of the severity level of the accident, and then an accident prediction evaluation was performed. As a result of applying the Logit model, the accident prediction model showed excellent predictive ability when classifying groups by cluster analysis and predicting them rather than analyzing the entire data. It is judged that it is more effective to predict accidents by reflecting the characteristics of accidents by group and the severity of accidents. In addition, it was found that a collision accident during stopping such as a secondary accident and a side collision accident during lane change act as important driving behavior variables.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 2018

If empty containers from multiple shipping liners are mixed together in the same bay, then the space utilization increases; however, the expected number of re-handles also increases. Formulas for estimating the expected number of re-handles are derived for various storage strategies and two types of handling equipment. The expected number of re-handles is compared, through numerical experiments, among those cases. The results of the numerical experiments are used to analyze the change in the number of expected re-handles according to the change in the retrieval ratio and repair ratio. The impacts of the change in the bay size and the distribution of the storage and retrieval ratio of containers among multiple vessel liners on the expected number of re-handles are analyzed. It is necessary to study efficient operational strategies considering the expected number of re-handles for empty containers.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.9-17
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to look for the trends and rates of change of major passenger modes such as railway, subway, domestic shipping, domestic airline, international shipping and international airline. The data used were selected from the KOSIS, "Domestic Statistics, Statistics by Subject, Transportation and Logistics". The analysis period was 22 years from 1999 to 2020, and the annual rate of change from the previous year was calculated. In descriptive statistics, international shipping and international airlines showed relatively high volatility, whereas railway and subway showed low volatility. In the rise rate analysis, international air and international shipping dropped significantly from 539% and 368% in 2019 to 85% and 20% in 2020 due to Corona. International airline and international shipping fell significantly in 2020, but we expect them to rise again as the shock of Corona disappears in the future. Therefore, it seems that we need a project to prepare for this. International air and international shipping are expected to continue their upward trend as international trade picks up again and international travel regains its momentum.