• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.225-237
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• 2011

For each local town (6 cities and 8 counties) affiliated with Jeonbuk provincial government, characteristics of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were analyzed and key emission areas were drawn to establish mitigation policies of the regional greenhouse gases. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) reported that the total greenhouse gas emission of Jeonbuk was 20.93 million $tCO_2e$ in 2006. The inland area of 5 cities and 1 county (Jeonju, Gunsan, Iksan, Jungeup, Kimje, Wanju) covered 82% of total greenhouse gas emission in Jeonbuk, while the rest local towns of the province, mostly from mountainous areas were responsible for the rest of the total GHG emission. The cities and counties having relatively higher emission in Jeonbuk province were influenced dominantly by the emission from energy and waste sections. Also, agricultural section showed similar tendency except industrial cities such as Gunsan and Jeonju. In the internal portion of city and county, energy section showed the highest portion at the range of 72.1 (Sunchang)~97.0% (Jeonju) and agricultural section was at the range of 1.2% (Jeonju)~26.6 (Sunchang). When the portion of energy section was higher, the lower agricultural section. The emission index was applied to decide the key city and county and the potential city and county with two methodologies in this study. It was required that the key emission areas were drawn to establish regional greenhouse gases mitigation policies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.45-56
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• 2011

This study explored what impacts can be brought to students, teachers, schools, and community by the improvement of physical environment of school spaces. For the purpose, we studied 5 schools (2 elementary and 3 middle schools) who took part in the Happy School Project funded by the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism in 2008. Ten series of Focus Group Interviews were carried out with a sample of 28 students and 20 teachers who experienced both before and after the school renovation project. The analysis of the interview data revealed that although the project was concerned with a part of school space such as restroom or reading room, it could bring multiple effects such as following: First, the students addressed that they felt "good" about school environment, which led them to feel good about their "schools." This change was found out to bring about more positive attitudes towards a school in general, public manners, peer relationships, emotional well-being, and learning. Second, the teachers became to value more their principals' leadership, being more satisfied with their work environment and more concerned about management of school facilities, and happier with students in terms of teaching and guidance than before. Third, all the 5 schools seem to go through a noticeable change in terms of a school climate and ethos in a more positive and harmonious way. Finally, 'spread', 'promotion', and 'openness' effects were discussed with regard to the relationships between the schools and local community.

• Architectural research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.127-137
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• 2015

A typology study is a comparative study of the physical characteristics of the built environment divided into distinct types such as architecture, culture, and environment. Lao vernacular dwellings were initially created based on the Lao people's behavior in terms of beliefs, traditional culture, lifestyle, and local wisdom with regard to the environment, climate, geography, and materials. The main research method used in this study is a comparative case study of three ethnic dwellings. The multiple data collection tools employed included second source data and primary data to analyze the findings of the unique characteristic typology of Lao vernacular dwellings. The objective of this paper is to compare the cultural and physical contexts, the patterns and origins of settlement, the architecture, the cultures, and the local indigenous knowledge related to the dwellings and settlement of the three main ethnic groups. These three groups are rich in tradition and their documentation is therefore essential for the intellectual history of the society of Lao; this research could therefore aid in enhancing our understanding of the three typologies of Lao vernacular architecture and settlement within the historical and sociocultural contexts of each ethnicity to convey an understanding of Lao vernacular dwellings by analyzing their different types to help identify the differences and similarities among architectural artifacts by recognizing the invisible connections between them, whereby the figurative ornamentation is based on the relationship between man and nature. This study also provides a glimpse of the living culture and characteristic features of Lao vernacular architecture.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2789-2796
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to develope the Contemporary Han-ok based on the natural environment characteristics of mountainous territory in Gangwon-do. According to the result of this study, Eco-friendly Contemporary Han-ok adaptable to the natural environment feature focused on the local climate was proposed based on the tradition of mountainous territory housing in Gangwon-do. In addition, proposed Mountainous Han-ok in Gangwon-do planned to keep the out feature of traditional Korean Han-ok and have the environmental control system same as traditional Korean Han-ok. Despite of several limits, this study has the meaning in terms of propose the prototype of adaptable contemporary han-ok based on the Natural Environment Characteristics of Mountainous Territory and regional tradition in Gangwon-do in cognition of local natural environment difference. the proposal of contemporary han-ok as the result of this study will give a support to the wide planning of Han-ok and the development plan of contemporary Han-ok.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.81-88
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• 2010

As there occurs recently and frequently a flash flood due to the climate change, a sudden local flood of great volume and short duration caused by heavy or excessive rainfall in a short period of time over a small area, it is increasing that significant danger and loss of life and property in Korea as well as the whole world. Since a flash flood usually occurs as the result of intense rainfall over small steep slope regions and has rapid runoff and debris flow, a flood rises quite quickly with little or no advance warning to prevent flood damage. The aim of this study is to quantify the severity of flash food by estimation of a flash flood index(FFI) from probability rainfall data in a study basin. FFI-D-F(FFI-Duration-Frequency) curves that present the relative severity of flash flood are developed for a study basin to provide regional basic information for the local flood forecasting and warning system particularly in ungauged catchments. It is also expected that FFI-D-F curves can be utilized for evaluation on flash flood mitigation ability and residual flood risk of both existing and planned flood control facilities.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.264-274
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• 2014

The main purpose of the current research is to analyze DPR Korean carbon emissions due to forest loss and to identify potential project sites for REDD implementation. REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) is a global environmental policy that is geared towards lowering carbon emissions in developing and least developed countries through saving forests that are vulnerable to future deforestation. DPR Korea is known for its underdevelopment as well as its serious environmental degradation, but limited research exists regarding these issues. The research employs remotely sensed global data and forest carbon stock information from the existing literature to quantify carbon emissions in DPR Korea. It turns out that the country may have had emitted about 82.6 to 149.3 $MtCO_2e$ due to forest loss between 2005 and 2009. A few administrative districts are delineated as prospective REDD sites, of which the outcomes of Local Moran's I represent high rates of deforestation. In brief, it appears there is a great possibility to lower carbon emissions in DPR Korea via REDD implementation.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.81-90
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• 2014

As an emerging market in central Asia, Kazakhstan's housing market is witnessing increasing demands. Though Korean construction industries have attempted to take advantage of this opportunity, inadequate understanding of the local living demands have kept the industries from successfully establishing themselves in the foreign context. The goal of this research is to derive architectural planning implications regarding the living demands by investigating changes being made to the housing structure. By analyzing 11 apartment unit plans, it was found that Kazakhs had a living demand for more spacious living rooms and functional spaces. In the effort to improve the livingroom environment and usability such as enlarging the livingroom, removing the living room wall for open space or expanding the inner space facing outside is understood that the living room is considered as an important space. The fact that spaces such as dress rooms and utility rooms are being added in the housing market, reflects the demand of functional spaces. These demands are considered as the reflection of the traditional life style of nomad culture and the cold local climate. Therefore, it can be said that the apartment unit plans distributed in the Korean housing market are quite compatible with the Kazakh housing market since they offer spatious living rooms, while the latter founding implies the changes that ought to be made for a successful establishment in the foreign market.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.303-316
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• 2015

The relationship between urban spatial structures and GHG-AP integrated emissions was investigated by statistically analyzing those from 25 administrative districts of Seoul. Urban spatial structures, of which data were obtained from Seoul statistics yearbook, were classified into five categories of city development, residence, environment, traffic and economy. They were further classified into 10 components of local area, population, number of households, residential area, forest area, park area, registered vehicles, road area, number of businesses and total local taxes. GHG-AP integrated emissions were estimated based on IPCC(intergovernmental panel on climate change) 2006 guidelines, guideline for government greenhouse inventories, EPA AP-42(compilation of air pollutant emission factors) and preliminary studies. The result of statistical analysis indicated that GHG-AP integrated emissions were significantly correlated with urban spatial structures. The correlation analysis results showed that registered vehicles for GHG (r=0.803, p<0.01), forest area for AP (r=0.996, p<0.01), and park area for AP (r=0.889, p<0.01) were highly significant. From the factor analysis, three groups such as city and traffic categories, economy category and environment category were identified to be the governing factors controlling GHG-AP emissions. The multiple regression analysis also represented that the most influencing factors on GHG-AP emissions were categories of traffic and environment. 25 administrative districts of Seoul were clustered into six groups, of which each has similar characteristics of urban spatial structures and GHG-AP integrated emissions.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.27 no.spc
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• pp.651-663
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• 2016

This study explores the background and the processes underpinning the educational reform movement based on local community. This educational community initiated the alternative education reform movement, which is referred to as the small school movement. A qualitative case study was implemented by collecting data from thirty articles, three focused interviews. This study drew out three key factors as the operation of educational community in regional area. First, it claimed a total of 30 papers related to the educational community for content analysis. Second, key words were derived in the local educational community context. They developed their own alternative educational programs, such as self-supportive meeting, season carnivals, community revitalization activities, and so on. Their focus was on finding out and establishing better educational relationships among the concerned communities. Third, the community continues to reinforce the internal rules and climate through meta-education, a process, in which education educates itself. As a result, they could enjoy substantial success in a visible educational community. This small school revival movement later grew into the new school movement. Furthermore, a variety of teachers, parents groups, and interested scholars have been engaged in the community movement through professional networking. This study suggests that the key innovator-initiated movement, which involves education reform, upgraded Korean education, and improved their own expertise and autonomy, is expected to be the first step to solve the current Korean educational problems by the educational community.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.537-546
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• 2013

In the Seoul Metropolitan Area(SMA) photochemical air pollutants, nitrogenic compound and particulate matters have increased substantially due to mobile sources, power plants and so on. Therefore 'Special Act on Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement' was enacted on 2003 in order to improve air quality in the SMA. According to the Special Act, Central and local government have developed the state implementation plan(SIP) to reduce air pollutant emissions from various local sources. One of the key elements of the SIP development is the air quality modeling since modeling results can be used to establish emissions control strategies as well as to demonstrate attainment of air quality goals for ozone, particulate matter, and so on. Air quality modeling, therefore, can be usefully utilized to investigate the effects of government's efforts according to control strategies or measures. Using the air quality model, we can determine whether the implementation plan should be revised or not. A number of questions, however, has been raised concerning accuracy, consistency and transparency of modeling results because if we do not trust modeling results, all the measures dependent on modeling becomes in vain. So, without dealing with these questions, we can not guarantee the reliability and utilizability of air quality modeling results. In this study, we tried to establish standard methodology for air quality modeling in order to ensure consistency and transparency of modeling results used in the development and evaluation of national air policy. For this purpose, we established air quality modeling guideline to provide or recommend modeling procedures, vertical and horizontal domains, input data of meteorological and air quality modeling and so on.