• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.334-342
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: To quantify carbon exchange at agricultural ecosystems in South Korea, net ecosystem exchange (NEE) at three croplands including a rice paddy, a bean field and an apple orchard was measured on the basis of the eddy covariance technique. METHODS AND RESULTS: NEE of CO2 during the growing season (June to September) averaged over the recent two years (2018-2019) was the highest at rice (-4.49 g C m-2 day-1), followed by the bean (-3.12 g C m-2 day-1) and apple (-0.93 g C m-2 day-1). The diurnal variation of NEE was the highest at the rice, while the seasonal variation of it was the highest at the bean than others. In terms of yearly variation, the rice paddy and the bean field absorbed more CO2 in 2019 compared to 2018, while the apple orchard absorbed less. CONCLUSION: Our results confirmed that these croplands consistently acted as net sinks for CO2 during the growing season because an amount of CO2 uptake from photosynthesis was larger than one of its emissions from respiration. The quantification of net CO2 exchange at agricultural ecosystems may help to better understand the local carbon cycle over various time scales.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1768-1774
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate methane ($CH_4$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emissions from livestock agriculture in 16 local administrative districts of Korea from 1990 to 2030. National Inventory Report used 3 yr averaged livestock population but this study used 1 yr livestock population to find yearly emission fluctuations. Extrapolation of the livestock population from 1990 to 2009 was used to forecast future livestock population from 2010 to 2030. Past (yr 1990 to 2009) and forecasted (yr 2010 to 2030) averaged enteric $CH_4$ emissions and $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ emissions from manure treatment were estimated. In the section of enteric fermentation, forecasted average $CH_4$ emissions from 16 local administrative districts were estimated to increase by 4%-114% compared to that of the past except for Daejeon (-63%), Seoul (-36%) and Gyeonggi (-7%). As for manure treatment, forecasted average $CH_4$ emissions from the 16 local administrative districts were estimated to increase by 3%-124% compared to past average except for Daejeon (-77%), Busan (-60%), Gwangju (-48%) and Seoul (-8%). For manure treatment, forecasted average $N_2O$ emissions from the 16 local administrative districts were estimated to increase by 10%-153% compared to past average $CH_4$ emissions except for Daejeon (-60%), Seoul (-4.0%), and Gwangju (-0.2%). With the carbon dioxide equivalent emissions ($CO_2$-Eq), forecasted average $CO_2$-Eq from the 16 local administrative districts were estimated to increase by 31%-120% compared to past average $CH_4$ emissions except Daejeon (-65%), Seoul (-24%), Busan (-18%), Gwangju (-8%) and Gyeonggi (-1%). The decreased $CO_2$-Eq from 5 local administrative districts was only 34 kt, which was insignificantly small compared to increase of 2,809 kt from other 11 local administrative districts. Annual growth rates of enteric $CH_4$ emissions, $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ emissions from manure management in Korea from 1990 to 2009 were 1.7%, 2.6%, and 3.2%, respectively. The annual growth rate of total $CO_2$-Eq was 2.2%. Efforts by the local administrative offices to improve the accuracy of activity data are essential to improve GHG inventories. Direct measurements of GHG emissions from enteric fermentation and manure treatment systems will further enhance the accuracy of the GHG data.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.405-416
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• 1992

This study was performed to investigate correlation between total body weight loss and local sweat rate and to find out any possible method that can estimate total body weight loss judging from local sweat rate. Twelve adult females were kept at 44 $\pm1^{\circ}C$, 50 ${\pm}5\%$ R.H. (1) Physiological responses such as total body weight loss, local sweat rate, rectal temperature, skin temperature, blood pressure and pulse, (2) micro climate inside garment and (3) subjective sensation were examined. Two types of garment such as long-sleeves with long pants (Type I) and half·sleeves with short pants (Type II) were used to observe the effect of garment types on sweating response. Both clothing weight was equal (132$\pm$3 g/$m^{2}$). The results were as follows: 1. Regardless of the different types, total body weight loss was more interrelated with the sweat rate on forehead than any other parts of the body. Except the forehead, different parts of body with different types of garment influenced on body weight loss quite differently. 2. Total body weight loss was more interrelated with the weight gain of garment than the local sweat rate. 3. Under the environment of 44$\pm1^{\circ}C,\;50{\pm}5\%$R.H., body weight loss during 1 hour of subject clothed and silted was 275.2 g/hr and weight loss per body surface area was 178.9 g/$m^{2}/hr$ Garment types have no influences on total body weight loss. 4. Local sweat rate (mg/7.07 $cm^{2}/hr$) was 208.0,191.0, 133.0, 115.0,81 0, 75.1 and 66.3 on scruff, breast, forehead, forearm, thigh, upper arm, leg respectively No evidence has been found that garment types influenced on local sweat rate (p<0.1). 5. No interrelationships between rectal temperature and total body weight loss, local skin temperature and total body weight loss, and local skin temperature and local sweat rate were found. From this study, some possible method that we can estimate total body' weight loss judging from weight loss of garment. But considering the fact that clothing design factor, the physical characteristics of fabric and environmental factor such as humidity and wind velocity should be concerned in weight loss of garment, it should be studied further whether the total body weight loss can be estimated properly from the weight loss of garment. This experiment suggest that different parts of body with different types of garment can influence on body weight loss quite differently. Therefore, in order to get more precise results, more studies under the diversity of garment types should be done in the near future.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2016

This study aims to analyze region-specific trends in changing greenhouse gas emissions in incineration plants of local government where waste heat generated during incineration are reused for the recent five years (2009 to 2013). The greenhouse gas generated from the incineration plants is largely $CO_2$ with a small amount of $CH_4$ and $N_2O$. Most of the incineration plants operated by local government produce steam with waste heat generated from incineration to produce electricity or reuse it for hot water/heating and resident convenience. And steam in some industrial complexes is supplied to companies who require it for obtaining resources for local government or incineration plants. All incineration plants, research targets of this study, are using LNG or diesel fuel as auxiliary fuel for incinerating wastes and some of the facilities are using LFG(Landfill Gas). The calculation of greenhouse gas generated during waste incineration was according to the Local Government's Greenhouse Emissions Calculation Guideline. As a result of calculation, the total amount of greenhouse gas released from all incineration plants for five years was about $3,174,000tCO_2eq$. To look at it by year, the biggest amount was about $877,000tCO_2eq$ in 2013. To look at it by region, Gyeonggido showed the biggest amount (about $163,000tCO_2eq$ annually) and the greenhouse gas emissions per capita was the highest in Ulsan Metropolitan City(about $154kCO_2eq$ annually). As a result of greenhouse gas emissions calculation, some incineration plants showed more emissions by heat recovery than by incineration, which rather reduced the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions. For more accurate calculation of greenhouse gas emissions in the future, input data management system needs to be improved.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.199-212
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• 2017

기후변화로 인한 지구 온난화 현상으로 대설재난의 발생을 예측하기가 더욱 어려워지면서 신속한 도로제설이 중요해지고 있다. 우리나라의 지자체는 관할 행정구역의 강설 및 도로특성을 고려하지 않고 과거 경험을 참고하여 제설장비와 차량을 보유하고 있다. 본 연구는 우리나라 지자체의 강설과 도로 특성을 고려하여 제설장비와 차량 수요를 추정하는 절차를 개발하는 데 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 첫 단계로 기상청의 과거 10년 강설자료를 이용하여 지역의 강설 특성을 유형화한 후 관리기관별 도로제설 연장을 산정하였다. 다음으로 도로제설 시나리오를 설정하여 지자체의 제설장비와 차량 수요를 추정하고 실제 보유량과 비교하였다. 마지막으로 지역별 강설량과 제설시간을 고려하여 지자체별 필요 제설장비와 차량수요를 추정하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 229개 지자체별로 적정 제설차량과 장비를 보유하고, 제설노선을 결정하는 대설재난 관리정책을 수립하는데 활용할 수 있다.

• 대기
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.525-535
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• 2019

Vertical distributions of aerosol mass concentrations over Seoul and Gangneung from January to February 2015 were investigated using aerosol Mie-scattering lidars. Vertical mass concentration of aerosol was calculated from the lidar data using KALION's algorithm and quantitatively compared with ground PM₁₀ concentration to obtain objectivity of data. The backward trajectories calculated using HYSPLIT (version 4) were clustered into 5 traces for Seoul and 6 traces for Gangneung, and the observed aerosol vertical mass distribution was analyzed for individual trajectories. Result from the analysis shows that, aerosol concentrations with in the planetary boundary layer were highest when airflows into the measurement points originated in the Shandong Peninsula or the Inner Mongolia. In addition, the difference of aerosol mass concentrations in the two regions below 1 km was about twice as large as that in the long range transport from the Shandong Peninsula compared to the local emission. This result shows that the air quality over Korea related to particulate matters are affected more by aerosol emissions in the upstream source regions and the associated transboundary transports than local emissions. This study also suggests that the use of local aerosol observations is critical for accurate simulations of aerosol-cloud interactions.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2019

This study suggested that various stakeholder can be participated in regional Environment planning and practical use of policy with rapid assessment of Ecosystem Services(ES). We applied to the rapid assessment of ES method to Ansan city and local registers selected Ecosystem assets that considered to space of ES. Ecosystem assets were measured 5 types Likert scale about 37 indicators of ES and confirm the main ES through the basic statistics. Furthermore Ecosystem assets classified according to similar character of ES. Ecosystem assets of Ansan were selected 47 site and Local climate regulation, Research and education, Primary production was high among the ES indicators. As a result two main group deduced that ecological education group(such as Research and education, Habitat) and safety regulation group(such as Air regulation, Fire regulation) through the factor analysis. In terms of location characteristics of each group, the ecological education-centered ecosystem assets were located near the downtown area, while the safety regulation group was located at the outskirts, such as mountains and coasts. This indicates that the ecological education about the habitat provision can be achieved in Ansan city downtown area and that outskirts should be approached from the aspect of ecological function to establish a plan. The result of Rapid assessment of ES, which can be lead a balanced and developmental consultation when establishing polices for environment planning and management in region.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2021

본 논문은 충청도 지역에 유존하고 있는 향토문화유산 중 민가정원의 역사정원으로서의 가치를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 중국 계성의 원야와 일본 귤준망의 작정기 및 유네스코 플로렌스 헌장의 내용을 대상지의 가치 분석의 틀로 적용하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 향토문화유산은 비지정 문화재에 속하며 충청도지역 내 총 616개소가 확인되었고 청주시가 가장 많은 향토문화유산을 보유하고 있었다. 고도(古都)이거나 고도에 인접한 곳에 대부분의 향토문화유산들이 분포하고 있으며 향토문화유산 중 역사정원과 관련한 정원은 5곳으로 나타났다. 둘째, 대상지들은 조선시대에 조영된 고택들로서 유구한 역사성을 지니고 있었으며 공간구획에는 변화가 적었으나 도시계획 등에 의해 일부 정원 및 바깥마당 공간의 규모가 축소되었다. 셋째, 대상지들은 상지합의(相地合宜)하고 인차체의(因借體宜)한 입지와 공간구획을 나타내고 있어 주변의 지형에 순응하여 공간을 구획하고 자연스럽게 경관을 끌어들여 정원을 조영하였다. 넷째, 대상지의 역사정원은 주위의 지형을 파악하여 정원과 교묘하면서도 자연스럽게 조영되어 정이합의(精而合宜)하고 교이득체(巧而得體)한 정원 구성적 가치를 지니고 있다. 다섯째, 역사정원의 지속적 보존을 위해서는 이미 제정된 향토문화유산 조례의 강화가 필요하며 각 공간별 구성요소의 기록화 사업과 기후 변화에 따른 방안이 구축되어야한다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.685-693
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• 2017

본 연구는 인구와 주요시설들이 집중되어 있는 도시지역에 국지성 폭우가 발생했을 경우, 용도지역별로 침수 피해에 대한 위험도를 등급화하여 효율적으로 대처하기 위해 연구하였다. 창원시를 대상으로 토지이용의 제도적 기반이 되는 용도지역과 재산 가치를 추정할 수 있는 공시지가, 그리고 건축물의 피해 면적과 밀도를 추정하기 위한 용적률 등에 대한 자료를 확보하여 Fuzzy모형을 통해 동일한 침수면적이 발생했을 경우 사회 경제적 피해에 대한 민감도를 파악함으로써 용도지역별로 피해 정도를 위험등급화를 하였다. 분석결과 창원시의 5개 구(마산합포구, 마산회원구, 성산구, 의창구, 진해구)에서 용도지역별 침수피해 순위는 상업지역, 주거지역, 공업지역, 녹지지역 순으로 동일하게 나타났으며, 이는 상업지역이 공시지가와 용적률이 가장 높아 침수 피해에 대한 재산 피해가 높기 때문으로 판단된다. 하지만 마산회원구와 성산구의 세부적인 분석결과에서 앞선 결과와는 상이한 것을 볼 수 있었는데, 지역의 환경 및 특성에 따라 용도지역별로도 침수위험등급이 달라질 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. 본 연구에서 도출된 결과물은 향후 도시계획과 연계하여 토지이용계획 수립 시 도시 침수피해를 줄이기 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 뿐 아니라, 도시 지역 개발 계획 수립 시 침수 피해 정도를 사전에 예측할 수 있다. 또한, 기후변화와 도시화라는 이슈와 함께 폭우 발생 시 도시 내수침수 저감에 기여하기 위한 대책으로 토지이용 부문이라는 새로운 대책을 제시했다는 점에서 큰 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.38-55
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• 2018

Hourly measurements of $PM_{2.5}$ mass, organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), and water-soluble ionic species were made at the air quality intensive monitoring stations in Baengryeongdo (BR) and Seoul (SL) during the winter (December 01~31, 2013) and summer (July 10~23, 2014) periods, to investigate the increase of $PM_{2.5}$ and secondary ionic species and the reasons leading to their increase during the two seasons. During winter, $PM_{2.5}$ and its major chemical species concentrations were higher at SL than at BR. Contribution of organic mass to $PM_{2.5}$ was approximately 1.7 times higher at BR than at SL, but the $NO_3{^-}$ contribution was two times higher at SL. Total concentration of secondary ionic species ($SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $NH_4{^+}$) at BR and SL sites accounted for 29.1 and 40.1% of $PM_{2.5}$, respectively. However, during summer, no significant difference in chemical composition of $PM_{2.5}$ was found between the two sites with the exception of $SO{_4}^{2-}$. Total concentration of the secondary ionic species constituted on average 43.9% of $PM_{2.5}$ at BR and 53.0% at SL. A noticeable difference in chemical composition between the two sites during summer was attributed to $SO{_4}^{2-}$, with approximately twofold concentration and 10% higher contribution in SL. Low wind speed and high relative humidity were important factors in secondary formation of water-soluble ionic species during winter at SL, resulting in $PM_{2.5}$ increase. While the secondary formation during summer was attributed to strong photochemical processes in daytime and high relative humidity in nighttime hours. The increase of $PM_{2.5}$ and its secondary ionic species during the winter haze pollution period at SL was mainly caused either by long-range transport (LTP) from the eastern Chinese regions, or by local pollution. However, the increased $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ during summer at SL were mainly caused by LTP, photochemical processes in daytime hours, and heterogeneous processes in nighttime hours.