• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.915-924
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• 2016

After a severe accident to the nuclear reactor, the in-vessel retention strategy is a key way to prevent the leakage of radioactive material. Nanofluid is a steady suspension used to improve heat-transfer characteristics of working fluids, formed by adding solid particles with diameters below 100nm to the base fluids, and its thermal physical properties and heat-transfer characteristics are much different from the conventional working fluids. Thus, nanofluids with appropriate nanoparticle type and volume concentration can enhance the heat-transfer process. In this study, the moving particle semi-implicit method-meshless advection using flow-directional local grid method is used to simulate the bubble growth, departure, and sliding on the downward-facing heating surface in pure water and nanofluid (1.0 vol.% $Al_2O_3/H_2O$) flow boiling processes; additionally, the bubble critical departure angle and sliding characteristics and their influence are also investigated. The results indicate that the bubble in nanofluid departs from the heating surface more easily and the critical departure inclined angle of nanofluid is greater than that of pure water. In addition, the influence of nanofluid on bubble sliding is not significant compared with pure water.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.1134-1147
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• 1995

POD (proper orthogonal decomposition) is applied to turbulent leading-edge separation bubble to extract coherent structures. A two-dimensional leading-edge separation bubble is simulated by discrete-vortex method, where a time-dependent source forcing is incorporated. Based on the wealth of numerical data, POD is applied in a range of the forcing amplitude ( $A_{o}$ = 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5) and forcing frequency (0 .leq. $f_{F}$H/ $U_{\infty}$.leq. 0.3). It is demonstrated that the structures of POD have noticeable changes with local forcings. In an effort to investigate the mechanism of decreasing reattachment length, dynamic behaviors of the expansion coefficients and contributions of the eigenfunctions of POD are scrutinized. As the forcing amplitude increases, the large-scale vortex structures are formed near the forcing amplitude increases, the large-scale vortex structures are formed near the separation point and the flow structures become more organized and more regular, accompanying with the reduction of reattachment length. By further inverstigation of POD global entropy, it is seen that the reattachment length is closely linked to the degree of organization of the flow structures.es.s.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.624-635
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• 2024

In two-fluid simulations of flow boiling, the modeling of the mean bubble diameter is a key parameter in the closure relations governing the intefacial transfer of mass, momentum, and energy. Monodispersed approach proved to be insufficient to describe the significant variation in bubble size during flow boiling in a heated pipe. A population balance model (PBM) has been employed to address these shortcomings. During nucleate boiling, vapor bubbles of a certain size are formed on the heated wall, detach and migrate into the bulk flow. These bubbles then grow, shrink or disintegrate by evaporation, condensation, breakage and aggregation. In this study, a parametric analysis of the PBM aggregation and breakage models has been performed to investigate their effect on the radial distribution of the mean bubble diameter and vapor volume fraction. The simulation results are compared with the DEBORA experiments (Garnier et al., 2001). In addition, the influence of PBM parameters on the local distribution of individual bubble size groups was also studied. The results have shown that the modeling of aggregation process has the largest influence on the results and is mainly dictated by the collisions due to flow turbulence.

• 에너지공학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2016

기포크기는 다차원 이상유동에서 정확한 기포거동의 예측을 위해 중요한 인자이다. 현재 CFD 코드인 STAR CCM+에서는 유동채널에서 기포크기예측을 위해 역학적인 기포크기모델인 $S{\gamma}$ 모델을 제공하고 있다. 기포크기 예측을 위한 또 다른 모델로써 고압조건의 과냉 비등 실험인 DEBORA 실험을 바탕으로 개발된 Yun 모델이 있다. 본 연구에서는 상용 CFD 코드인 STAR CCM+ ver. 10.02를 이용하여 물-공기 이상유동에 대한 수치해석을 통해 $S{\gamma}$ 모델과 Yun 모델의 성능을 확인하고 평가하였다. 이를 위해 두 모델은 수직관에서의 물-공기 실험인 DEDALE 실험과 Hibiki 등의 실험에 대하여 평가되었다. 해석 결과 $S{\gamma}$ 모델은 이상유동 인자들을 합리적으로 예측하였으며, Yun 모델은 저압조건의 물-공기 유동에는 적합하지 않음을 확인하였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.433-445
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• 2000

The interfacial area concentration (IAC) is one of the most important parameters in the two-fluid model for two-phase flow analysis. The IAC can be measured by a local conductivity probe method that uses the difference of conductivity between water and air/steam. The number of sensors in the conductivity probe may be differently chosen by considering the flow regime of two-phase flow. The four sensor conductivity probe method predicts the IAC without any assumptions of the bubble shape. The local IAC can be obtained by measuring the three dimensional velocity vector elements at the measuring point, and the directional cosines of the sensors. The five sensor conductivity probe method proposed in this study is based on the four sensor probe method. With the five sensor probe, the local IAC for a given referred measuring area of the probe can be predicted more exactly than the four sensor probe. In this paper, the mathematical approach of the five sensor probe method for measuring the IAC is described, and a numerical simulation is carried out for ideal cap bubbles of which the sizes and locations are determined by a random number generator.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2002

A pulsed tracer gas technique is applied to measure the distributions of local mean age and local mean residual-life-time of air in a half-scale experimental chamber, The airflow patterns in the chamber are visualized by a Helium bubble generator for three different exhaust locations. A supply slot is located at the top of a right wall, and an exhaust slot is at either bottom-left (Case 1), bottom-right (Case 2), or top-left (Case 3) location. Results show that the distributions of local mean age and local mean residual-life-time are different from each other, but both of them are closely related to the airflow pattern in the space. Included are discussions on explaining the variations of overall room ventilation effectiveness depending upon airflow rates for three different supply-exhaust configurations.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제45권7호
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• pp.911-920
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• 2013

Experimental studies on both subcooled and saturated pool boiling of water were performed to obtain local heat transfer coefficients on a $3^{\circ}$ inclined tube of 50.8 mm diameter at atmospheric pressure. The local values were determined at every $45^{\circ}$ from the very bottom to the uppermost of the tube periphery. The maximum and minimum local coefficients were observed at the azimuthal angles of $0^{\circ}$ and $180^{\circ}$, respectively, in saturated water. The locations of the maxima and the minima were dependent on the inclination angle of the tube as well as the degree of subcooling. The major heat transfer mechanisms were considered to be liquid agitation generated by the sliding bubbles and the creation of big size bubbles through bubble coalescence. As a way of quantifying the heat transfer coefficients, an empirical correlation was suggested.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.151-162
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• 2020

본 논문에서는 음향 역산법을 이용한 기포의 크기 분포 추정 기법을 제시하였다. 제 1종 Fredholm 적분방정식으로 표현된 감쇠계수의 추정오차를 목적함수로 정의하였고, 최적해를 구하기 위해 Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)기법을 적용하였다. 두 가지의 기포 분포에 대한 수치 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안된 역산 기법의 유용성을 검증하였다. 세 종류의 기포발생기를 이용하여 사각 수조(1.0 m × 0.54 m × 0.6 m)에서 기포 실험을 수행하였다. 고속카메라 촬영을 통해 기포의 분포 이미지를 획득하였고, 음원과 수중청음기를 이용하여 기포층의 주파수별 삽입손실(insertion loss)을 계측하였다. 촬영된 이미지는 후처리를 통해 기포 발생기별 기포 분포 특성을 파악하는데 활용하였고, 계측된 삽입손실에 역산 기법을 적용하여 기포의 크기 분포를 추정하였다. 음향 역산결과로부터 기포의 크기가 작아짐에 따라 기포 개수는 지수적으로 증가하며, 70 ㎛ ~ 120 ㎛의 국부 피크를 지난 후 다시 증가하는 경향성을 확인하였다.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.1185-1191
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• 2000

In general, the strength of hull structures can be estimated from stress evaluation considering static and hydro-dynamic load due to sea-wave. However, war ships such as submarine, have frequently experienced the underwater explosion and local structures of ship as well as hull girder can be damaged by the dynamic response excited from underwater non-contact explosion. When explosion happens at underwater, shock wave is radiated In early short time, then gas bubbles are generated, and expansion and contraction are repeated as they float to the surface. The shock wave causes the damage of equipment and its supporting structures, on the other hand, the hull girder strength can be lost by resonance between bubble pulsation and lowest ship natural vibration period. In this paper, the hydro-Impulse force due to bubble was calculated. Based on these results the hull girder strength of submarine was estimated from transient response analysis by using NASTRAN. Also, shock analysis for some equipment supporting structures was carried out by using DDAM. In order to evaluate the strength of these local structures due to shock wave.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.1491-1498
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• 2003

Droplet evaporation can be used to transfer large amounts of energy since heat is transferred across a thin liquid film. Spreading the drop over a larger area can enhance this heat transfer. One method of accomplishing this is to dissolve gas into the liquid. When the drop strikes the surface, a gas bubble nucleates and can grow and merge within the liquid, resulting in an increase in the droplet diameter. In this study, time and space resolved heat transfer characteristics for a single droplet striking a heated surface were experimentally investigated. The local wall heat flux and temperature measurements were provided by a novel experimental technique in which 96 individually controlled heaters were used to map the heat transfer coefficient contour on the surface. A high-speed digital video camera was used to simultaneously record images of the drop from below. The measurements to date indicate that significantly smaller droplet evaporation times can be achieved. The splat diameter was observed to increase with time just after the initial transient dies out due to the growth of the bubble, in contrast to a monotonically decreasing splat diameter for the case of no bubbles. Bursting of the bubble corresponded to a sudden decrease in droplet heat transfer.