• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.107-116
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• 2012

In this study, the trucks(2.9-liter) have been developed to use DME as fuel, and performance test of the vehicle's DME engine, power, emissions, fuel economy and vehicle aspects was conducted. For experiments, the fuel system(common-rail injectors and high-pressure pump included) and the engine control logic was developed, and ECU mapping was performed. As a result, the rail pressure from 40MPa to approximately 65% increase compared to the base injector has been confirmed that. Also, the pump discharge flow is 15.5 kg/h when the fuel rail pressure is 400rpm(40MPa), and the pump discharge flow is 92.1 kg/h when the fuel rail pressure is 2,000rpm(40MPa). The maximum value of full-load torque capability is 25.5 kgfm(based on 2,000 rpm), and more than 90% compared to the level of the diesel engine were obtained. The DME vehicle was developed in this study, 120 km/h can drive to the stable, and calculated in accordance with the carbon-balance method of fuel consumptions is 5.7 km/L.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.339-344
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• 2005

A PEMFC system model for FCEV was constructed and simulated numerically to examine the heat/water flow of the system and air/fuel humidification process for various operation conditions (ambient pressure /temperature/humidity, operating temperature, power load). We modeled PEMFC stack which can generate maximum electricity of about 80 kW. This stack consists of 400 unit cells and each unit cell has $250cm^2$ reacting area. Uniform current density and uniform operating voltage per each cell was assumed. The results show the flow characteristics of heat and water at each component of PEMFC system in macro-scale. The capacity shortage of the radiator occurred when the ambient was hot $(over\;40^{\circ}C)$ and power level was high (over 50 kW). In spite of some heat release by evaporation of water in stack, heat unbalance reached to 20kW approximately in such a severe operating condition. This heat unbalance could be recovered by auxiliary radiators or high speed cooling fan with additional cost. In cold environment, the capacity of radiator exceeded the net heat generation to be released, which may cause a problem to drop the operating temperature of stack. We dealt with this problem by regulating mass flow rate of coolant and radiator fan speed. Finally, water balance was not easily broken when we retrieved condensed and/or unused water.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.101-106
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• 1983

It was the purpose of this study to investigate the fracture mode of dental amalgam by observing the crack propagation, and to relate this to the microstructure of the amalgam. Caulk 20th Century Regular, Caulk Spherical, Dispersalloy, and Tytin amalgam alloys were used for this study. After each amalgam alloy and Hg measured exactly by the balance was triturated by the mechanical amalgamator (Capmaster, S.S. White), the triturated mass was inserted into the cylindrical metal mold which was 4 mm in diameter and 12 mm in height and was pressed by the Instron Universal Testing Machine at the speed of 1mm/min with 120Kg. The specimen removed from the mold was stored in the room temperature for a week. This specimen was polished with the emery papers from #100 to #200 and finally on the polishing cloth with 0.06${\mu}Al_2O_3$ powder suspended in water. The specimen was placed on the Instron testing machine in the method similar to the diametral tensile test and loaded at the crosshead speed of 0.05mm/min. The load was stopped short of fracture. The cracks on the polished surface of specimen was examined with scanning electron microscope (JSM-35) and analyzed by EPMA (Electron probe microanalyzer). The following results were obtained. 1. In low copper lathe-cut amalgam, the crack went through the voids and ${\gamma}_2$ phase, through the ${\gamma}_1$ phase around the ${\gamma}$ particles. 2. In low copper spherical amalgam, it was observed that the crack passed through the ${\gamma}_2$ and ${\gamma}_1$ phase, and through the boundary between the ${\gamma}_1$ and ${\gamma}$ phase. 3. In high copper dispersant (Dispersalloy) amalgam, the crack was found to propagate at the interface between the ${\gamma}_1$ matrix and reaction ring around the dispersant (Ag-Cu) particles, and to pass through the Ag-Sn particles. 4. In high copper single composition (Tytin) amalgam, the crack went through the ${\gamma}_1$ matrix between ${\eta}$ crystals, and through the unreacted alloy particle (core).

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제12권9호
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• pp.1273-1287
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• 2009

Chain-based protocol방법 중의 하나인 PEGASIS는 모든 노드들의 공평한 에너지 소모를 유도 할 수 있지만 BS(Base station)로부터 멀리 떨어진 노드들 중에서 HEAD가 선택될 경우에는 데이터 전송 시에 심각한 에너지 소모와 불필요한 노드들 간의 데이터 이동이 발생하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 PEGASIS의 greedy알고리즘을 응용하고, BS를 기준으로 주변 node들과의 거리를 비교하여 에너지 소모를 줄일 수 있는 프로토콜인 DERP(Distance-based Energy efficient routing protocol)을 제안한다. DERP의 기법은 예비헤드(P-HD)노드를 선택하여 보다 효율적인 클러스터 구조를 생성할 수 있는 방법이다. 아울러 더 큰 센서 필드에서의 확장을 위해서 PEGASIS와 제안방법에서 기본이 되는 single-hop 기반의 통신을 HEAD와 BS와의 거리에 따른 relay노드를 선택함으로서 multi-hop 기반의 통신으로 변환하여 에너지 소모를 줄일 수 있는 방법을 추가하였다. DERP의 시뮬레이션 결과 값으로 에너지 효율은 기존의 PEGASIS방법에 비해 최고 80%정도까지의 에너지 효율이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 데이터 전송 지연 역시 감소하는 것으로 확인 되었다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.82-87
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• 2013

In this work, the 1L grade integrated metal DOC/DPF filter that can install in engine manifold position was developed to investigate the effect of platinum-coating amount of filter on the improvement of filter activation temperature and reduction of particulate matter (PM). This filter was installed in 2.9L CI engine which meets the EURO-4 emission regulation. Tests for PM reduction efficiency of filter were conducted under ND-13 mode with full-load test condition. It was revealed that the time to reach the activation temperature of metal filter ($280^{\circ}C$) was shorter as the amount of platinum-coating increased. This short activation time can be helpful for the reduction of CO and HC emissions during cold start condition. At the same time, PM reduced as the coating amount increased. The reduction percentage of $DOC_{40}$, $DOC_{20}$, and $DOC_0$ were 96.7% (2.34 mg/kW'h), 95.1% (3.47 mg/kW'h), and 94.5% (3.69 mg/kW'h) compared to previous result (71.4 mg/kW'h), respectively.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.725-734
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• 2012

The outbreak of foot and mouth disease in November 2010 raised many social, economic and environmental issues and water contaminations by leachate from carcass disposal sites particularly emerged as a serious concern. In oder to efficiently handle these problems, a critical method is required to transport leachate to livestock manure and sewage treatment plants and purify it. This study aims to present the best applicable method to transport leachate from carcass disposal sites into livestock manure and sewage treatment facilities. We investigated the biological and chemical characteristics such as BOD, COD, SS, TN, TP and Total coliforms. Current conjugated treatments in livestock manure and sewage treatment plants was studied by surveying the operations of those facilities. The NIER-MASS(National Institute of Environmental Research - Mass Balance Evaluation System of Sewage Treatment Facilities) program was applied to present the best conjugated treatment method through estimating the maximum daily load to meet the water quality standards in effluent.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.1442-1448
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• 2017

Recently, electric power systems have been operating with tight margins and have reached their operational limits. Many researchers consider a microgrid as one of the best solutions to relieve that problem. The microgrid is generally powered by renewable energies that are connected through power converters. In contrast to the rotational machines in the conventional power plants, the converters do not have physical rotors, and therefore they do not have rotational inertia. Consequently, a stand-alone microgrid has no inertia when it is powered by the only converter-based-generators (CBGs). As a result, the relationship between power and frequency is not valid, and the grid frequency cannot represent the power balance between the generator and load. In this paper, a superconducting flywheel energy storage system (SFESS) is applied to an inertia-free stand-alone (IFSA) microgrid. The SFESS accelerates or decelerates its rotational speed by storing or releasing power, respectively, based on its rotational inertia. Then, power in the IFSA microgrid can be balanced by measuring the rotor speed in the SFESS. This method does not have an error accumulation problem, which must be considered for the state of charge (SOC) estimation in the battery energy storage system (BESS). The performance of the proposed method is verified by an electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.551-558
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• 2009

에너지 효율성 초점이 맞추어진 대부분의 클러스터링 기법에서 클러스터 내에서 단일의 클러스터를 채용함으로써 클러스터 헤드의 에너지 소비가 급격히 증가 할 수 있다. 최근, 이러한 단점을 개선하기 위해 데이터 병합 기능 헤드와 데이터 전송 기능 헤드로 구분하는 2-계층 클러스터 기법은 클러스터 내에서 클러스터 헤드의 에너지 소비를 분산시켰다. 그러나 이러한 구조는 한 클러스터 내에 존재하는 두 개 헤드 사이에 독립적인 영역구분이 없는 단지 논리적인 영역이므로 많은 메시지 충돌과 전송 지연이 발생한다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해, 본 논문에서는 노드의 위치정보와 클러스터 반경을 이용해 한 클러스터에 속한 두 계층을 독립적으로 명확히 분할할 수 있는 분리된 2-계층 라우팅기법을 제시한다. 제안하는 스킴에서는 각 계층에 속하는 멤버노드 수에 대한 균등분포를 통해 부하의 분산을 보장한다. 제안한 기법은 기존의 DLS 기법보다 메시지 충돌문제를 50% 개선하였고, 네트워크의 수명도 DLS와 LEACH 등에 비해 약 10% 개선하였다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.187-198
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• 2008

본 논문은 그리드 서비스 환경에서 효율적인 자원 관리를 위한 프레임워크를 개발한다. 자원 관리는 그리드 서비스의 핵심이며, 자원의 가변적 특성에 적응적으로 대처하기 위한 프레임워크인 GridRMF(Grid Resource Management Framework)를 모델링하고 개발한다. GridRMF는 그리드 자원의 참여 의도에 따라 계층적으로 관리한다. 계층적 자원 관리는 가상 조직 관리를 위한 VMS(Virtual organization Management System)와 메타데이타 관리를 위한 RMS(Resource Management System)로 관리 도메인을 구분한다. VMS는 최적 가상 조직 선택 전략에 의해 자원을 중개하며, LRM(Local Resource Manager) 자동 회복 전략에 의해 가상 조직의 결함에 대처한다. RMS는 자원 상태 모니터링 정보를 적응적 성능 기반 작업 할당 알고리즘에 적용하여 부하균등화와 결함에 대처한다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.100-107
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary protein source and sulfur amino acid content on bone metabolism in ra. Thirty male rats (body weight 145$\pm$2g) were divided into three groups. The rats in the first group were fed on casein 20% diet as animal protein source and those in the second group were fed on soy 20% diet as plant protein source. Sulfur amino acid ratio of these group was 1.07:1. The rats in the third group were fed on soy 20% diet and the sulfur amino acid were supplemented with the amount contained as much in the soy 20% diet. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks, The total body, spine, femur bone mineral density and bone mineral content were measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Calcium, phosphate, pyridinoline, creatinine in urine and calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin in serum were measured. During the experimental period, plant protein (soy protein) group had a lower urinary Ca excretion, urine pyridinoline ＆ crosslinks value and had a higher Ca efficiency in total bone and femur bone mineral density than animal protein (casein) group. There were no significant differences in serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin among the three groups of the rats. The findings from this study demonstrated that plant protein (soy protein) is beneficial of bone mineral density because it had a higher Ca efficiency in total bone and femur bone mineral density than animal protein (casein). However, the supplementation of sulfur amino acid on soy results were consistent with prior studies that dietary sulfur amino acid load had a negative effect on calcium balance. The rats fed sulfur amino acid supplementation diet increased urinary calcium excretion and decreased calcium efficiency for total and femur mineral density. Therefore, dietary protein source and sulfur amino acid content influence bone metabolism. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2): 100-107, 2004)