• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.163-170
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• 2022

전 세계적으로 LMO (Living Modified Organisms)의 이용과 상업화는 지속적으로 증가하는 추세이다. 국내에서 LM 식물의 상업적 재배는 아직 이뤄지고 있지 않으나 연구개발 및 수입, 연구시설의 신고 등은 활발히 진행되고 있는 실정이다. LM 식물은 개발 및 환경위해성 평가 단계에서 온실과 야외 포장에서의 실험이 요구되나 개발 중인 단계에서는 아직 환경에 대한 안전성이 입증되지 않아 환경방출에 대한 안전관리가 요구된다. LM 식물의 개발 연구는 일반적으로 실험실, 격리온실, 격리포장에서 수행되며 각 연구 구역마다 LMO법 통합고시 등에서 안전관리 규정이 마련되어 있다. LM 식물 연구 사고사례 중 일본의 LM 페튜니아 유출 사고는 LM 식물 연구 도중 교잡 가능 거리에 있는 일반 식물은 LM 식물로 간주하여 취급되어야 함을 시사하고 있으며, 미국의 LM creeping bentgrass 유출 사례는 바람 등에 의해 종자의 산포가 용이한 LM 식물의 경우 종자 비산에 대한 강력한 방지 대책 수립의 필요성을 시사한다. 또한 국내 LM 들잔디 유출과 LM 면화 유출 사례는 빗물 등에 의한 식물 영양번식체 유출 및 LM 종자 혼입에 대한 안전 대책 수립의 필요성을 제시한다. 미승인된 LM 식물의 환경방출에 따른 확산은 제거와 복구에 많은 시간과 비용, 노력이 요구된다. 따라서 최근 생명공학기술을 적용하는 LM 식물들이 다양화됨에 따라 개발자 및 연구자는 환경생태계에 미치는 영향을 사전에 파악하고 환경방출 방지 등 철저한 안전관리가 요구되는 바이다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.431-434
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• 2014

Cytogenetic analysis was conducted to obtain basic information for chromosome manipulation of starry flounder Platichthys stellatus. Nuclear surface area and volume of erythrocyte were $7.60{\pm}0.93{\mu}m^2$ and $12.80{\pm}1.75{\mu}m^3$, respectively. The haploid DNA content of the species was 0.66 pg/haploid cell which correspond to 93% of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. A karyotype analysis was also carried out with the species using conventional staining and Ag-NOR banding techniques. It was consisted of 48 acrocentric chromosomes and inter-sex or intra-individual polymorphism was not detected in all specimens analyzed. The NOR regions, appearing a terminal position of the short arm of the smallest acrocentric pairs.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.901-906
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• 2013

We examined the availability of the lacZ gene (${\beta}$-galactosidase gene) as a reporter of foreign gene transfer in the cysts of Artemia franciscana (A. franciscana) to conduct a risk assessment of living genetically modified organisms (LMOs) in the marine ecosystem. The LacZ gene was transferred to decapsulated cysts by particle bombardment, and its insertion and expression were assessed by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and X-gal staining. X-gal staining indicated lacZ expression in all A. franciscana examined (including the control group), which exhibited not only negative but also positive PCR amplification. Endogenous ${\beta}$-galactosidase is highly active in the whole body of A. franciscana during all stages of the life cycle. Thus, the lacZ gene is unsuitable as a reporter for foreign gene transfer in A. franciscana cysts, because it is difficult to discriminate between exogenous and endogenous ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2015

The functional utility of a transgenic marine medaka Oryzias dancena strain carrying the red fluorescent protein (RFP) gene driven by an endogenous choriogenin H (chgH) promoter was evaluated for its ability to detect waterborne $17{\alpha}$-ethinylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen derivative. The chgH:rfp transgenic marine medaka larvae showed an age-dependent tendency in the efficiency of EE2-mediated transgene expression, in which transgenic larvae older than 6 days post-hatching displayed a more effective response in their transgene expression to EE2 than did younger hatchlings. During experimental exposures to high concentrations of EE2 (200 to 1,000 ng/L), the transgenic responses in the hatchlings were broadly dose- and duration-dependent. With exposures using lower doses of EE2 (25, 50 and 100 ng/L), EE2-induced transgenic RFP was also observed in the transgenic larvae, although the lower doses required exposure of longer duration. Under the EE2 exposure and microscope assay conditions used in our study, transgenic marine medaka larvae exhibited a similar degree of EE2-mediated RFP phenotype expression at various salinity levels (0, 15 and 30 ppt).

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.243-251
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• 2013

Genetic diversity and gene flow patterns in Pollicipes mitella were investigated with a nucleotide sequence analysis of 514 base pairs from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) in 124 samples collected from six Korean populations. In total, 59 haplotypes were defined by 40 variable nucleotide sites in the COI region. The haplotypes had shallow haplotype genealogy and no geographic associations. All populations had high haplotype diversity (0.909 to 0.979) and low nucleotide diversity (0.0055 to 0.0098). The haplotypes with recently diverged nucleotides were distributed by long-range larvae dispersal among regional populations. The pairwise fixation indices ($F_{ST}$) estimated with the exact test and migration rates indicate that substantial gene flow has occurred among populations as a result of sea currents, except between the Uljin (East Sea coast) and other Korean populations. This suggests that significant genetic differentiation and low migration rates have affected the Uljin population.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2010

Two feeding experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary genetically modified (GM) soya and com on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus and rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii. For each fish species, four isonitrogenous (50% crude protein) and isocaloric (4.1 kcal/g) diets (designated as nGM soya, GM soya, nGM com and GM com) were formulated to contain 20% non-GM (nGM) and GM soya and com. Thirty olive flounder (initial body weight, 15.4${\pm}$0.4 g) and fifty rockfish (initial body weight, 3.1${\pm}$0.02 g) were distributed in each 400 L tank (200 L water) in a flow through system. Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish to visual satiation, twice a day (9:00 hand 17:00 h) for 6 weeks. Growth performance was measured every three weeks. No effects of GM feedstuffs on survival were observed. Dietary inclusion of GM feedstuffs did not affect growth performance and feed utilization of fishes, except for rockfish fed GM com. Rockfish fed the GM com diet showed higher weight gain, daily feed intake and daily protein intake than did fish fed the nGM com diet, but no significant differences were observed in final body weight between the dietary treatments. Condition factor, hepatosomatic index, visceral somatic index and body composition were not altered by the inclusion of GM feedstuffs. These results indicate that dietary inclusion of GM soya and com could have no effects on growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile flounder and rockfish. Lower weight gain and feed intake in flounder and rockfish fed the diets containing 20% soya were likely due to anti-nutritional factors, rather than transgenic factors in the feedstuffs. Dietary inclusion of GM soya and com at the level tested did not alter the body composition of fishes. Further studies to investigate the effects of GM feedstuffs on health conditions and the development of fishes, as well as those of residue of transgenic fragments in ambient environments and in animals are necessary for safe use of the ingredients in aquaculture.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.903-911
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• 2021

Previous studies have modified microbial genomes by introducing gene cassettes containing selectable markers and homologous DNA fragments. However, this requires several steps including homologous recombination and excision of unnecessary DNA regions, such as selectable markers from the modified genome. Further, genomic manipulation often leaves scars and traces that interfere with downstream iterative genome engineering. A decade ago, the CRISPR/Cas system (also known as the bacterial adaptive immune system) revolutionized genome editing technology. Among the various CRISPR nucleases of numerous bacteria and archaea, the Cas9 and Cas12a (Cpf1) systems have been largely adopted for genome editing in all living organisms due to their simplicity, as they consist of a single polypeptide nuclease with a target-recognizing RNA. However, accurate and fine-tuned genome editing remains challenging due to mismatch tolerance and protospacer adjacent motif (PAM)-dependent target recognition. Therefore, this review describes how to overcome the aforementioned hurdles, which especially affect genome editing in higher organisms. Additionally, the biological significance of CRISPR-mediated microbial genome editing is discussed, and future research and development directions are also proposed.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.81-85
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• 2015

Molecular characterization technology in genetically modified organisms, in addition to how transgenic biotechnologies are developed now require full transparency to assess the risk to living modified and non-modified organisms. Next generation sequencing (NGS) methodology is suggested as an effective means in genome characterization and detection of transgenic insertion locations. In the present study, we applied NGS to insert transgenic loci, specifically the epidermal growth factor (EGF) in genetically modified rice cells. A total of 29.3 Gb (${\sim}72{\times}coverage$) was sequenced with a $2{\times}150bp$ paired end method by Illumina HiSeq2500, which was consecutively mapped to the rice genome and T-vector sequence. The compatible pairs of reads were successfully mapped to 10 loci on the rice chromosome and vector sequences were validated to the insertion location by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The EGF transgenic site was confirmed only on chromosome 4 by PCR. Results of this study demonstrated the success of NGS data to characterize the rice genome. Bioinformatics analyses must be developed in association with NGS data to identify highly accurate transgenic sites.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.293-299
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• 2006

두툽상어 (Scyliorhinus torazame)부터 분리된 항산화 효소 Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD 또는 SOD1)의 핵산 염기서열 및 추정 아미노산 서열을 대상으로 분자 계통학적 분석을 실시하였다. 종래 알려져 있는 척추동물의 Cu,Zn-SOD 서열들을 포함하여 neighbor-joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) 및 Bayesian 분석 등을 포함한 다양한 계통 분석을 수행하였으며, 이를 통해 연골어류인 본 어종의 척추동물 분류군 내에서의 계통적 위치를 추정하고자 하였다. 다양한 분자 계통수로부터 얻어진 대부분의 consensus tree들에서 분석에 사용한 분류군들은 종래 알려진 분류학적 위치와 비교적 잘 일치하였고, 이중 두툽상어는 같은 연골어류종인 blue shark와 높은 유연관계를 나타내면서 보다 진화한 경골어류들과는 확연히 구분되는 분지를 형성하였다. 특히 핵산 염기서열을 바탕으로 한 neighbor-joining 분석에서 두툽상어는 경골어류와 양막동물에 비해 보다 원시형태의 척추동물 Cu,Zn-SOD 유전자의 한 형태를 보유하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.58-64
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• 2007

New artificial fishing reefs are developed using modified sulfur concrete. Modified sulfur concrete, which is made of by-product aggregates and modified sulfur binder, has good properties, including high density, less water absorption, high strength, high salt resistance, and good affinity for living organisms. This paper shows the mechanical properties of modified sulfur concrete and its field tests under the sea. We have found that the pH-neutral materials attach microalgae and seaweed more readily, compared to the pH-high materials.