• 전기화학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.181-185
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• 2005

알루미나 기판을 사용하여 백금 박막 전류 집전체상에 $2.9{\mu}m$ 두께 및 $4cm^2$의 전극면적을 갖는 $LiCoO_2$ 박막을 R.F. 마그네트론 스퍼터링법에 의해 증착하였으며, 아르곤 공정 압력 및 인가된 R.F. 전력량에 따른 Li/Co 몰 비 의존성에 대해 고찰하였다. 비정질계 고체전해질인 Lipon 및 Li 음극이 순차적으로 증착된 박막전지를 제조하여 정전류충, 방전 시험하였으며, 고율방전 특성 및 충, 방전 횟수에 따른 전지 용량 변화를 측정하였다. 교류임피던스를 통해 전지내부의 저항성분을 측정하였으며, 이에 대한 등가회로를 구성하여 시뮬레이션한 결과와 비교하였다.

• 한국자원리싸이클링학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2005년도 추계정기총회 및 제26회 학술발표대회 고분자리싸이클링기술 특별심포지엄
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• pp.173-177
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• 2005

리튬이온 2차전지(Lithium ion battery, LIB)는 기존에 사용되던 전지에 비해 에너지 밀도가 높고 충방전 사이클이 우수하다. 이 때문에 휴대전화와 노트북 등에 수요가 급속하게 증가하고 있으며 1995년 LIB의 생산량은 4천만 개에서 2004년에는 약 8억 개로 20배 이상 증가하였다. 이에 따라 폐LIB도 급속하게 증가하게 되어 전국적인 재활용 시스템의 확보가 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 폐LIB에 함유되어 있는 유가금속 중에서 리튬코발트옥사이드(이하 $LiCoO_2$)를 회수하기 위하여 분쇄기(orient vertical cutting mill)와 진동 Screen을 사용하여 유기분리막, 금속류(Aluminium foil, Copper foil, case 등) 그리고 전극물질(lithium cobalt oxide와 graphite 등의 혼합 분말)로 분리하였다. 전극물질에서 $LiCoO_2$와 graphite 분리를 위한 전처리 단계로서 $500^{\circ}C$ 정도의 열처리를 하여 $LiCoO_2$의 표면 성질을 변화시켜 부유선별에 의해 $LiCoO_2$와 graphite의 분리가 가능하도록 하였다. 부유선별 실험 결과 93% 이상의 순도를 가지는 $LiCoO_2$를 92% 이상 회수할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.415-423
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• 2021

For a battery module where single cells are connected in series, the single cells should each have a similar state of charge (SOC) to prevent them from being exposed to an overcharge or over-discharge during charge-discharge cycling. To detect the existence of unbalanced SOC cells in a battery module, we propose a simple measurement method using a single-frequency response of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For a commercially available graphite/nickel-cobalt-aluminum-oxide lithium-ion cell, the cell impedance increases significantly below SOC20%, while the impedance in the medium SOC region (SOC20%-SOC80%) remains low with only minor changes. This impedance behavior is mostly due to the elementary processes of cathode reactions in the cell. Among the impedance values (Z, Z', Z"), the imaginary component of Z" regarding cathode reactions changes heavily as a function of SOC, in particular, when the EIS measurement is performed around 0.1 Hz. Thanks to the significant difference in the time constant of cathode reactions between ≤SOC10% and ≥SOC20%, a single-frequency EIS measurement enlarges the difference in impedance between balanced and unbalanced cells in the module and facilitates an ~80% improvement in the detection signal compared to results with conventional EIS measurements.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.350-355
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• 2015

Perforated polygonal cobalt oxide ($Co_3O_4$) is synthesized using electrospinning and a hydrothermal method followed by the removal of a carbon nanofiber (CNF) template. To investigate their formation mechanism, thermogravimetric analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are examined. To obtain the optimum condition of perforated polygonal $Co_3O_4$, we prepare three different weight ratios of the Co precursor and the CNF template: sample A (Co precursor:CNF template- 10:1), sample B (Co precursor:CNF template-3.2:1), and sample C (Co precursor:CNF template-2:1). Among them, sample A exhibits the perforated polygonal $Co_3O_4$ with a thin carbon layer (5.7-6.2 nm) owing to the removal of CNF template. However, sample B and sample C synthesized perforated round $Co_3O_4$ and destroyed $Co_3O_4$ powders, respectively, due to a decreased amount of Co precursor. The increased amount of the CNF template prevents the formation of polygonal $Co_3O_4$. For sample A, the optimized weight ratio of the Co precursor and CNF template may be related to the successful formation of perforated polygonal $Co_3O_4$. Thus, perforated polygonal $Co_3O_4$ can be applied to electrode materials of energy storage devices such as lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2013

$Li(NCM)O_2$계 폐리튬전지 공정 스크랩의 재활용 연구의 일환으로서 리튬화합물의 회수와 NCM전구체를 제조하기 위한 침출거동에 대하여 살펴보았다. 우선 탄소를 이용하여 층상 구조의 NCM계 산화물 분말을 분해시켰으며, $600^{\circ}C$ 이상의 탄소반응으로 리튬은 탄산리튬으로 변화시켰다. 탄산리튬은 수세 후 농축과정을 거쳐 순도 99% 이상의 탄산리튬 분말로 회수하였다. 그리고 탄소에 의한 환원 반응율은 $800^{\circ}C$에서 약 88%을 나타내었으며, 탄소환원 처리 후 분말에 대한 황산 침출 결과, 2M 이상의 황산농도에서 코발트, 니켈, 망간의 침출율은 99% 이상이었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.4660-4665
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• 2011

리튬 흡착제용 신규 전구체인 $Li_{1.6}(MnM)_{1.6}O_4$ (M=Cu, Ni, Co, Fe)을 수열법에 의해 합성한 후에, 물리화학적인 성질을 고찰하였다. XRD와 HRTEM을 이용한 분석 결과로부터 Co를 도핑한 경우에는 본래의 스피넬 구조가 유지되는 반면에, Cu, Ni, Fe를 도핑한 경우에는 구조적인 변화가 발생하는 것을 확인하였다. Co 도핑에 의해 확인된 구조의 안정화는 산처리에 의해 리튬을 침출시킨 후에도 유지되었다. 해수에 함유된 리튬을 흡착하는 효율은 Co가 도핑된 망간 산화물 인 $Li_{1.6}[MnCo]_{1.6}O_4$가 상업적으로 적용 가능한 $Li_{1.33}Mn_{1.67}O_4$ 보다 우수한 특성을 나타내었다. 해수 1g으로부터 흡착되는 Li의 양은 $Li_{1.6}[MnCo]_{1.6}O_4$를 사용했을 경우에 35mg이었고, $Li_{1.33}Mn_{1.67}O_4$을 사용했을 경우에는 16mg 이었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.2304-2308
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• 2010

A $LiNi_{0.8}Co_{0.15}Al_{0.05}O_2$ (LNCAO/C) active material composite cathode was coated with carbon. The conductive carbon coating was obtained by addition of surfactant during synthesis. The addition of surfactant led to the formation of an amorphous carbon coating layer on the pristine LNCAO surface. The layer of carbon coating was clearly detected by FE-TEM analysis. In electrochemical performance, although the LNCAO/C showed similar capacity at low C-rate conditions, the rate capability was improved by the form of the carbon coating at high current discharge state. After 40 cycles of charge-discharge processes, the capacity retention of LNCAO/C was better than that of LNCAO. The carbon coating is effectively protected the surface structure of the pristine LNCAO during Li insertion-extraction.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.296-298
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• 2005

Hydrogen generation by the hydrolysis of aqueous sodium borohydride $(NaBH_4)$ solutions was studied using IRA-400 anion resin dispersed Pt. Ru catalysts and Lithium Cobalt oxide $(LiCoO_2)$ supported Pt, Ru and PtRu catalysts. The performance of the $LiCoO_2$ supported catalysts is better than the ion exchange resin dispersed catalysts. There is a marked concentration dependence on the performance of the $LiCoO_2$ supported catalysts and the hydrogen generation rate goes down if the borohydride concentration is increased beyond $10\%$. The efficiency of PtRu- $LiCoO_2$ is almost double that of either Ru-$LiCoO_2$ or Pt-$LiCoO_2$ for $NaBH_4$ concentrations up to $10\%$.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제42권9호
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• pp.602-606
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• 2005

[ $LiCoO_{2}$ ] is the most common cathode electrode materials in Lithium-ion batteries. $LiCo_{0.97}Mg_{0.03}O_2$ was synthesized by the solid-state reaction method. We investigated crystal structures, electrical conductivities and electrochemical properties. The crystal structure of $LiCo_{0.97}Mg_{0.03}O_2$ was analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement. The material showed a single phase of a layered structure with the space group R-3m. The lattice parameter(a, c) of $LiCo_{0.97}Mg_{0.03}O_2$ was larger than that of $LiCoO_2$. The electrical conductivity of sintered samples was measured by the Van der Pauw method. The electrical conductivities of $LiCoO_2$ and $LiCo_{0.97}Mg_{0.03}O_2$ were $2.11{\times}10^{-4}\;S/cm$ and $2.41{\times}10^{-1}\;S/cm$ at room temperature, respectively. On the basis of the Hall effect analysis, the increase in electrical conductivities of $LiCo_{0.97}Mg_{0.03}O_2$ is believed due to the increased carrier concentrations, while the carrier mobility was almost invariant. The electrochemical performance was investigated by coin cell test. $LiCo_{0.97}Mg_{0.03}O_2$ showed improved cycling performance as compared with $LiCoO_2$.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제25권6_3호
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• pp.1275-1284
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• 2022

This study provides an investigating the electrolyte reaction characteristics during thermal runaway of a lithium-ion battery(LIB). Dimethyl carbonate(DMC) is known as the main substance that makes up the electrolyte. The mono-molecular decomposition characteristics of DMC were derived through numerical analysis. Cobalt oxide can release oxygen under high temperature conditions. Also, DMC is converted to CH₄, H₂, CO, and CO₂. Especially, it was found that the decomposition of the DMC begins at a temperature range of 340-350℃, which dramatically increases the internal pressure of the LIB. In the by-products gases, the molar ratio of CO and CO₂ changed according to the molecular structure of DMC and temperature conditions. The correlation of the [CO]/[CO₂] ratio according to the temperature during thermal runaway was derived, and the characteristics of the reaction temperature could be estimated using the molar ratio as an indicator. In addition, the oxidation and decomposition characteristics of DMC according to the residence time for each temperature were estimated. When DMC is exposed to low temperature for a long time, both oxidation and decomposition may occur. There is possibility of not only increasing the internal pressure of the LIB, but also promoting thermal runaway. In this study, internal environment of LIB was identified and the reaction characteristics between the active materials of the cathode and electrolyte were investigated.