• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.455-475
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• 2023

The present study investigates the non-linear soil-pile interaction using three-dimensional (3D) non-linear finite element models. The numerical models were validated by using the results of extensive pile load and shaking table tests. The pile performance in liquefiable and non-liquefiable soil has been studied by analyzing the liquefaction ratio, pile lateral displacement (LD), pile bending moment (BM), and frictional resistance (FR) results. The pile models have been developed for the different ground conditions. The study reveals that the results obtained during the pile load test and shaking cycles have good agreement with the predicted pile and soil response. The soil density, peak ground acceleration (PGA), slenderness ratio (L/D), and soil condition (i.e., dry and saturated) are considered during modeling. Four ground motions are used for the non-linear time history analyses. Consequently, design charts are proposed depended on the analysis results to be used for design practice. Eleven models have been used to validate the capability of these charts to capture the soil-pile response under different seismic intensities. The results of the present study demonstrate that L/D ratio slightly affects the lateral displacement when compared with other parameters. Also, it has been observed that the increasing in PGA and decreasing L/D decreases the excess pore water pressure ratio; i.e., increasing PGA from 0.1 g to 0.82 g of loose sand model, decrease the liquefaction ratio by about 50%, and increasing L/D from 15 to 75 of the similar models (under Kobe earthquake), increase this ratio by about 30%. This study reveals that the lateral displacement increases nonlinearly under both dry and saturated conditions as the PGA increases. Similarly, it is observed that the BM increases under both dry and saturated states as the L/D ratio increases. Regarding the acceleration histories, the pile BM was reduced by reducing the acceleration intensity. Hence, the pile BM decreased to about 31% when the applied ground motion switched from Kobe (PGA=0.82 g) to Ali Algharbi (PGA=0.10 g). This study reveals that the soil conditions affect the relationship pattern between the FR and the PGA. Also, this research could be helpful in understanding the threat of earthquakes in different ground characteristics.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.147-158
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• 2004

국내 액상화 상세평가에 관한 시방내용을 살펴보면, 지진을 정현하중으로 고려한 등가전단응력개념에 기초하여 전단응력을 달리한 3회 이상의 액상화 발생 실내진동시험을 수행하고 이를 토대로 액상화 저항응력비 곡선을 도시하여 지진규모별로 적용할 것을 명시하고 있다. 즉, 현행 액상화 상세평가에서는 실내진동시험결과인 응력, 변형률, 과잉간극수압, 유효응력, 응력 경괴의 변화 등의 다양한 결과들을 효과적으로 이용하지 못하고 최대전단응력과 액상화 발생시 진동재하횟수라는 단순한 시험결과만을 이용하여 액상화 평가를 수행한다. 본 연구에서는 현행 액상화 상세평가에서의 단순한 시험결과의 이용을 탈피하여 응력, 변형률, 그리고, 과잉간극수압 시간이력들과 응력-변형률 상관관계 및 유효응력경로 등의 다양한 실내진동시험 결과를 토대로 액상화 발생메카니즘을 포함한 지반의 동적저항상태를 분석하였다. 특히, 과잉간극수압의 영향을 고려한 동적 유효응력경로가 지반의 동적거동을 효과적으로 구분하여 나타낼 수 있는 점을 발견하고 이를 토대로 지반의 동적상태를 점진적 응력감소, 급진적 응력감소, 그리고 액상화 후 극한상태의 3단계로 구분하였다. 또한, 액상화 현상이 실제적으로 점진적 응력감소에서 급진적 응력감소로 전환되는 시점에서 대변형을 동반하여 발생한다는 사실을 발견하고 이를 액상화 상태전환시점으로 정의하였으며 이러한 액상화상태전환시점이 압축제하 또는 인장재제하로 하중방향이 바뀌는 시점에서 발생하는 점을 반영하여 1/4주기별 시험결과분석에 기초하여 저항특성을 나타내었다. 그리고, 본 연구를 통해 제안된 액상화 저항특성에 대한 타당성 검토를 위해 과잉간극수압으로 인해 발생하는 지반재료 내부에서 소산되는 에너지 개념과 기제안된 교란상태개념에 기초한 액상화 저항특성과 비교하였다. 연구결과, 제안된 누적 소성 전단변형률은 액상화 발생의 원인이 되는 과잉간 극수압의 영향을 합리적으로 표현하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 진동하중으로부터 소산되는 재료 내부의 에너지 변화를 신뢰성 높게 표현하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 제안된 지반의 한계 저항특성의 경우, 기제안된 교란도 함$.$수에 기초한 수치해석방법보다 정확하게 대변형의 영향을 포함하지 않고 한계상태를 표현하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 초청강연 및 논문집
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• pp.1042-1050
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• 2008

In this study, SCP method was used by purpose to improve loose sand and soft clay that is drilled Sand Compaction Pile in underground. Settlement behavior of field analyzed through SCP method. When sand Compaction Pile drilled in clay, forming composite ground that foundation and Sand Compaction Pile behavior. According to SCP method can expect bearing capacity improvement, Settlement reduction, lateral flow protection. SCP increase the consolidation settlement of ground and it reduce settlement for that purpose increase liquefaction resistance, lateral Resistance. Because SCP had been widely used for sand. Area of Inchon-A by sand compose clay and silt to upper Ground and compose soft clay to under ground. After pre-loading, it measured settlement by extensometer and settlement extensometer that purpose of ground improvement with 13% in replacement ratio. The result analyzed settlement behavior is similar to Multi-layered Ground that it happened to elastic settlement at upper ground and to consolidation settlement at under ground.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.83-93
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 낙동강 하류 을숙도에 분포하는 0.558%의 세립분을 함유한 자연 사질토 지반에 대하여 느슨, 중간, 그리고 조밀한 지반 상태를 재현하여 초기정적전단응력의 영향을 정적 및 동적 시험을 통해 응력경로와 과잉간극수압 소산 및 잔류변형 거동을 규명하고, Bolton 이론에 의거한 파괴시 최대 유효마찰각을 상대밀도에 의한 영향과 구속압의 영향을 고려하여 제시하였다. 파괴선과 상전이점의 거리는 초기전단응력이 증가할수록 가까워지고, 느슨한 모래의 경우 그 영향이 커서 조밀한 모래의 응력경로로 접근하는 경향을 보인다. 압밀응력비 조건이 1.4에서 1.8로 변함에 따라, 상대밀도의 증가와 함께 보다 큰 액상화 저항강도를 보이고 조밀한 상대밀도 조건에서는 유사한 CSR값을 보였다.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.129-134
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• 2003

In this research, we used fly-ash and blast-furnace slag as substitute material of cement and fine aggregate, and we, through experiments, researched and analyzed the features of high-flowable concrete added high efficiency AE water reduction agent. The results are below. 1. Liquefaction generally presented high-slump flow value; on the other hand, partial segregation was observed in case of mixing proportion with 65 cm slump flow and above. This segregation was partially improved in accordance with mixing admixture. 2. Compressive strength according to mixing admixture and increasing mixing ratio of fly-ash were subject to be declined when it was initially cast-in, but its gap was improved when time was fully passed. 3. After mixing blast-furnace slag and fly-ash as substitute material, the result showed that the modulus of elasticity against freezing & melting was improved according to mixing blast-furnace slag and also increased in accordance with increasing pulverulent-body volume. 4. According to increasing the mixing volume of fly-ash, the durability factor was deteriorated because compressive strength became lower as well as air content was decreased when it was initially case-in. 5. The minimum air content to secure durability was 3.7%, for that reason, we had better secure admixture such as air entraining agent when cast-in high-flowable concrete.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.74-79
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• 2009

Titanium and titanium alloy can be reproduced immediately even if oxide films($TiO_2$) break apart in sea water. Therefore, since titanium demonstrates large specific strength and outstanding resistance to stress corrosion cracking, crevice corrosion, pitting and microbiologically influenced corrosion in sea water environment, it has been widely applied to heat exchanger for ships. In particular, with excellent elongation, pure titanium may be deemed as optimal material for production of heat exchanger plate which is used with wrinkles formed for efficient heat exchange. Conventional plate type heat exchanger prevented leakage of liquid through insertion of gasket between plates and mechanical tightening by bolts and nuts, but in high temperature and high pressure environment, gasket deterioration and leakage occur, so heat exchanger for LPG re-liquefaction device etc do not use gasket but weld heat exchanger plate for use. On the other hand, since welded plate cannot be separated, it is important to obtain high quality reliable welds. In addition, for better workability and production performance, lasers that can obtain weldment with large aspect ratio and demonstrate fast welding speed even in atmospheric condition not in vacuum condition are used in producing products. So far, 1st report and 2nd report compared and analyzed embrittlement degrees by bead colors of weldment through quantitative analysis of oxygen and nitrogen and measurement of hardness as fundamental experiment for the evaluation of titanium laser welding, and evaluated the welding performance and mechanical properties of butt welding. This study welded specimens in various conditions by using laser and GTA welding machine to apply edge welding to heat exchanger, and evaluated the mechanical strength through tensile stress test. As a result of tensile test, laser weldment demonstrated tensile strength 4 times higher than GTA welds, and porosity could be controlled by increasing and decreasing slope of laser power at overlap area.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2012

토질분류법에서 흙은 크게 사질토와 점성토로 분류되며, 실제 설계에서도 이와 같이 분류된 흙 종류에 따라 다른 예측식을 사용하여 흙의 거동을 평가하고 있다. 그러나, 모래-세립분 혼합토는 전형적으로 중간토(intermediate soil or transitional soil)로 구분되어 모래와 점토의 중간적인 성질을 나타내기 때문에, 이러한 혼합토에 대한 거동특성을 평가할 수 있는 기준이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 입도분포를 조정한 특정 모래에 세 가지 종류의 세립분으로 구성된 다양한 세립분함유율을 갖는 시료를 대상으로 일련의 반복 삼축압축시험을 수행하였다. 모래가 골격을 이루는 간극비(골격간극비)를 고려하여, Silica sand와 세립분(Iwakuni natural clay, Tottori silt, kaolinite)을 다양한 건조 중량비로 혼합하여 그 특성을 파악하였으며, 실험결과로 전환 세립분함유율(threshold fines content)을 넘지 않는 혼합토의 반복전단강도를 세립분 함유율 증가에 따라 평가하였다. 그 결과, 반복 전단응력비는 세립분 함유율 증가에 따라 조밀한 시료에서는 감소, 느슨한 시료에서는 증가하는 결과를 나타냈으며, 혼합토의 반복전단응력비를 등가골격간극비의 개념을 이용하여 평가했다.