• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.19-29
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• 2012

The ultrastructural characteristics of germ cell differentiations during spermatogenesis and mature sperm morphology in male $Atrina$ ($Servatrina$) $pectinata$ were evaluated via transmission electron microscopic observation. The accessory cells, which contained a large quantity of glycogen particles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, are assumed to be involved in nutrient supply for germ cell development. Morphologically, the sperm nucleus and acrosome of this species are ovoid and conical in shape, respectively. The acrosomal vesicle, which is formed by two kinds of electron-dense or lucent materials, appears from the base to the tip: a thick and slender elliptical line, which is composed of electron-dense opaque material, appears along the outer part (region) of the acrosomal vesicle from the base to the tip, whereas the inner part (region) of the acrosomal vesicle is composed of electron-lucent material in the acrosomal vesicle. Two special characteristics, which are found in the acrosomal vesicle of A. ($S$) $pectinata$ in Pinnidae (subclass Pteriomorphia), can be employed for phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses as a taxonomic key or a significant tool. The spermatozoa were approximately $45-50{\mu}m$ in length, including a sperm nucleus (about $1.43{\mu}m$ in length), an acrosome (about $0.51{\mu}m$ in length), and a tail flagellum (about $46-47{\mu}m$). The axoneme of the sperm tail evidences a 9+2 structure.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.63-76
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• 1991

Butylated hrdroxyanisole(BHA), a widely used food additive phenolic antioxidant, is known to inhibit cancer formations inducible with a wide variety of chemical carcinogens including aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)$. Thus, in the present study morphological characteristics underlying the hepatoprotective effects of BHA against $AFB_1$ inducible ultrastructural changes of hepatocytes have been examined. The obtained results are as follows : 1 . Livers obtained from rats treated with $AFB_1$ in vivo have been examined with transmission electron microscope. Among the many hepatocellular structural aberrations induced by $AFB_1$ treatment, the nuclear chromatins were found to be distributed irregularly('cap formation') and the nuclear membrane was found to be partially segregated. Furthermore, there were many lipid droplets, hyperplasia of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, dialated rough endoplasmic reticulum and, lysosomes arrested at various stages of its development. 2. Also, when $AFB_1$ was given in vitro to hepatocytes which have been isolated from untreated normal rats and examined under scanning electron microscope, there were much 'blobbing' phenomena resulting from cytoskeletal disturbances. 3. However, in the liver obtained from rats pretreated with BHA and then give the $AFB_1$, the observed morphological aberrations were in much reduced extent. Similarly, the BHA-hepatocytes had much decreased severity in the $AFB_1$ inducible blob formations.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.97-117
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• 1992

In order to study process of spermiogenesis of the Korean greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum korai, the cycle of seminiferous epithelium was examined by the light and electron microscope and the following results were obtained based on the epithelial cell differentiation. 1. Spermiogenesis occurred from early July to mid-Octber, and spermatogenic activity was vigorous from mid-August to late September. Spermatocytes including spermatogonia were found to be degenerated in only July. It is deduced that the degeneration serves as the mechanism to regulate effective use of energy to prepare for mating and hibernating periods, and regulation of breeding cycle. 2. Spermiogenesis of the Korean greater horseshoe bat was divided according to differentiation of the cell structure, into Golgi, cap, acrosome, maturation and spermiation phases; Golgi, cap and spermiation phases were further divided into two steps of early and late phase respectively, and acrosome phase into three steps of early, mid and late phases, and maturation phase has only one step. Hence, the spermiogenesis consists of ten phases. The first research was done in this article on the changes of chromatin with nucleus, the time of appearance and disappearance of chromatin granules, in case of Korean greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum korai). Chromatin granule began to be condensed in late Golgi and the condensation proceeded to form an irregular mass of a electron-dense chromatin in a form of circular cylinder in the center of nucleus at the phase of maturation. Finally, the chromatin condensation proceeded and perfect nucleus of sperm with homogeneous density was formed when the sperm was separated from Sertoli cell. Therefore, appearance and disappearance of chromatin granules occurred in the period of time between late Golgi and maturation phase, The tail of sperm began to develop in early cap phase, Numerous lipid droplets were obseved in the cytoplasm of spermatids during the maturation phase, which seemed to be used as energy source necessary to make mature sperm during spermiogenesis.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.242-251
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• 2018

This study was investigating the anti-obesity effects of diets with a mixture of cheese, red ginseng and fermented mature fruit of Rubus coreanus Miquel. We fed the experimental diets (SC5, SC10) supplemented with 5% or 10% cheese containing of fermented mixture, then orally administered the extract of fermented mixture (RB100, RB300) at a concentration of 100 or 300 mg/kg body weight to SD rats with high fat diet (HFD). The results were as follows: Sample cheese groups decreased visceral fat mass and adipocyte size of stomach compared to that of HFD group. Additionally, lipid droplets of liver in sample cheese groups were smaller than that in HFD group. The serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (tChol), glucose, leptin, and insulin levels in sample cheese group were lower than that in HFD group. But, the serum adiponectin and HDL-cholesterol (cHDL) levels were higher than that in HFD group. These results suggest that fermentation of red ginseng and Rubus coreanus mixed with cheese might be helpful in preventing obesity in high fat diet-fed rats.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.187-193
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• 2008

The present study was designed to investigate the anti-diabetic effect and mechanism of Korean red ginseng in C57BL/KsJ db/db mice. The db/db mice were divided into three groups: diabetic control group (DC), Korean red ginseng group (KRG, 100 mg/kg) and metformin group (MET, 300 mg/kg), and treated with drugs once per day for 10 weeks. Compared to the DC group, fasting blood glucose levels were decreased by 19.8% in KRG-, 67.7% in MET-treated group. With decreased plasma glucose and insulin levels, the insulin resistance index of the KRG-treated group was reduced by 27.6% compared to the DC group. The HbA1c levels in KRG and MET-treated groups were also decreased by 11.0% and 18.9% compared to that of DC group, respectively. Plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid levels were decreased by 18.8% and 16.8%, respectively, and plasma adiponectin and leptin levels were increased by 20.6% and 12.1%, respectively, in the KRG-treated group compared to those in DC group. Histological analyses of the liver and fat tissue of mice treated with KRG revealed significantly decreased number of lipid droplets and decreased size of adipocytes compared to the DC group. From the pancreatic islet double-immunofluorescence staining, we observed KRG has increased insulin contents, but decreased glucagon production. To elucidate action mechanism of KRG, effects on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream target proteins responsible for fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis were explored in the liver. KRG activated AMPK and acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylations, resulting in stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. KRG also caused to down regulation of SREBP1a and its target gene expressions such as FAS, SCD1 and GPAT. In summary, our results suggest that KRG exerted the anti-diabetic effect through AMPK activation in the liver of db/db mice.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.115-119
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• 1995

고사리삼 지하경 형성층의 활성과 연령의 관계를 확인하기 위하여 경정부로부터 제6절간 및 제10절간의 형성층세포를 미세구조 및 조직화학적으로 비교하였다. 제6절간의 형성층은 규칙적으로 2-4세포의 방사배열을 하고 방사방향으로 납작한 구조와 얇은 접선벽을 가지고 있다. 미세구조 관찰에서 형성층 세포는 중앙부에 커다란 액포가 발달되어 있고 미토콘드리아, 소포체 및 딕티오좀이 분포되어 있는 반면에 전분립 등의 저장물질은 관찰되지 않았다. 한편 제10절간 형성층의 세포들은 방사방향으로 약간 확장되어 있고 방사배열을 보이지 않았다. 미세구조에서는 약간의 미토콘드리아 이외에는 세포소기관이 관찰되지 않았고 세포질에 많은 지질과립 및 전분과립과 작고 수많은 액포가 분포되어 있었다. 또한 제6절간 형성층은 강한 acid phosphatase 활성을 띠고 있으나 제10절간에서는 활성반응이 나타나지 않았다. 이상과 같은 결가로부터 제6절간 형성층은 활성을 가지고 있으나 제10절간 형성층은 휴면상태에 있는 것이 확실하므로 고사리삼의 지하경은 한시적인 형성층을 가지고 있다는 결론에 도달하게 되었다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.104-113
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• 2012

The nucleolus is a distinct nuclear territory involved in the compartmentalization of nuclear functions. There is some evidence of a relationship between nuclear fragmentation during spermatogenesis and chromatoid body (CB) formation. The CB is a typical cytoplasmic organelle of haploid germ cells, and is involved in RNA and protein accumulation for later germ-cell differentiation. The goal of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the nucleolar cycle during the spermatogenesis of $Phrynops$ $geoffroanus$ (Reptilia Testudines), and compare this nucleolar fragmentation with CB formation in this species through the use of cytochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Qualitative analysis showed a fragmentation of the nuclear material after pachytene of the first meiotic division in the primary spermatocytes. Quantitative analysis of the nucleolar cycle revealed a significant difference in the number of nucleoli and in the size of the nucleolus between spermatogonia and early spermatids. Using ultrastructural analysis, we recorded the beginning of the CB formation process in the cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes at the same time as when nuclear fragmentation occurs. In the cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes, the CB was observed in association with mitochondrial aggregates and the Golgi complex. In the cytoplasm of early spermatids, the CB was observed in association with lipid droplets. In conclusion, our data show that the nucleolus plays a role in the CB formation process. During spermatogenesis of $P.$ $geoffroanus$, the CB is involved in some important biological processes, including acrosome formation and mitochondrial migration to the spermatozoon tail and middle piece region.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.336-342
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• 2015

Propyl gallate (PG) used as an additive in various foods has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Although the functional roles of PG in various cell types are well characterized, it is unknown whether PG has effect on stem cell differentiation. In this study, we demonstrated that PG could inhibit adipogenic differentiation in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) by decreasing the accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets. In addition, PG significantly reduced the expression of adipocyte-specific markers including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$ (PPAR-${\gamma}$), CCAAT enhancer binding protein-${\alpha}$ (C/EBP-${\alpha}$), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein 2 (aP2). PG inhibited adipogenesis in hAMSCs through extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Decreased adipogenesis following PG treatment was recovered in response to ERK blocking. Taken together, these results suggest a novel effect of PG on adipocyte differentiation in hAMSCs, supporting a negative role of ERK1/2 pathway in adipogenic differentiation.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.29-40
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• 1983

노랑초파리 (Drosophila melanogaster)의 야생형과 날개 돌연변이체인 흔적날개(vg)에 있어서 날개 성체원기의 미세구조의 차이를 비교검토하여 흔적날개의 표현형이 발현되는 원인의 일단을 규명코저 본 연구를 실시하였다. 야생형과 흔적날개 개체의 제 3 령기 말기의 유충으로 부터 10시간 간격은 채취한 날개 성체원기에서 나타나는 미세구조의 변화를 비교 관찰하여 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 야생형의 경우 지방소적들은 응집한 후 당류로 변화되었지만 흔적날개의 경우는 응집현상과 당류로 변화되는 과정이 관찰되지 않았다. 2. 식세포작용에 의한 세포의 퇴화현상은 흔적날개 변이체와 야생형에서도 관찰되었다. 그러나 야생형에서의 식세포작용은 매우 약하였다. 3. 기관세지의 내벽이 톱니모양의 구조를 나타내고 있는 것은 모두 비슷하였으나 기관세지의 직경은 야생형의 경우 시간이 경과함에 따라 넓어지는 경향을 보였으며, 흔적날개의 경우는 반대로 좁아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 이와같이 흔적날개 돌연변이체도 유충발생 초기까지는 모두 정상적으로 이루어지지만 제 3 령기 유충시기에 이르러서는 지방산이 당류로 변화되는 gluconeogenesis과정에서 결함이 보이고 식세포작용에 의한 세포의 퇴화현상이 현저했으며, 기관세지의 발달은 미흡한 점으로 보아 이와같은 현상들이 흔적날개 형성과 깊은 관계가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.45-56
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• 1983

In order to prepare an experimental model on the basis of morphological changes of liver, 90 rabbits were allocated into four groups and 5, 15, 30 and 50% of ethanol (5ml/day) were dosed to each group for 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90 days, and observed the livers with light and electron microscope. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Light microscopically, the hydropic changes were found in the liver from 10th day after 5% and 15% ethanol ingestion, and these findings were remarkable as time goes by. Necrosis of hepatocytes, however, was most remarkable on 60th and 90th day after ingestion. The proliferation of interlobular connective tissue was found from 30th day in this group. 2. The hydropic necrosis of liver cells was found from 5th day in 30% and 50% ethanol dosing groups. The proliferation of interlobular connective tissues and infiltration of the lymphocytes were observed from 30th day in 30% ethanol ingestion group, however, it was found from 20th day in 50% ethanol ingestion group. 3. Electron microscopically, the appearance of various lipid droplets and dilated rER, slightly increased sER and glycogen field, dense mitochondria with scanty cristae and hydropic change were observed on 5th day after 5% ethanol ingestion. These findings were more remarkable on 30th and 90th day. Especially, disorganized outer and inner membrane of mitochondria and autophagic vacuoles were appeared on 90th day. The similar findings were also found in 15%, 30% and 50% ethanol ingestion groups, however, the appearance of fibrillar and myelin-like structures were observed from 30th day after 15% ethanol ingestion. The severe hydropic change and increased sER were observed on 90th day after 15% ethanol ingestion. From 5th day after 30% and 50% ethanol ingestion these findings were more remarkable.