• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.48 no.6
• /
• pp.741-746
• /
• 2010

Phospholipids were recovered from squid viscera residues by ethanol extraction after supercritical carbon dioxide($SCO_2$) extraction and from squid viscera was not processed $SCO_2$ by various organic solvent extraction. $SCO_2$ extraction were performed at $45^{\circ}C$ and 20 MPa for removal of non polar lipid molecules from freeze dried squid viscera sample. Phospholipids were extracted from freeze dried squid viscera sample by chloroform, hexane, methanol, and ethanol and from $SCO_2$extracted squid viscera sample by ethanol. The pH was fixed at 5.7 for all phospholipids extraction conditions. Phospholipid classes were analyzed by HPLC equipped with evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). Phosphatidyl choline(PC) extracted by ethanol from $SCO_2$ extracted residues was higher than that of extracted by ethanol from squid viscera. But phosphatidyl ethanolamine(PE) and phosphatidic acid(PA) were extracted higher percentage in raw squid viscera. The fatty acid compositions in phospholipids extract by ethanol extract from $SCO_2$ extracted residues were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC). Docosahexanoic acid(DHA) was found in highest percentage in phospholipid extract.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.163-170
• /
• 1977

The present study was carried out to knew the sterol components of U. pinnatifida and their incorporation abilities of $^14C-1-acetate$ injected into it. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The total lipids are classified as hydrocarbon $1.6\%$, pigment and sterol ester $2.5\%$, triglyceri do $3.3\%$, free fatty acid $2.2\%$, free sterol $3.8\%$, chlorophyll $18.8\%$, and polar lipids $ 67.3\%$ 2. The sterol mixture from U. pinnatifida are omposed of cholesterol $3.5\%$, 24-methylene-cholesterol $11.2\%$, fucosterol $85.3\%$. 3. The radioactivities of the lipids classes from U. pinnatifida injected with $^14C-1-acetate$ are distributed 4,648 dpm/ug in total lipid, 2,754 dpm/mg in polar lipids, 373 dpm/mg in chlorophyll, 22,481 dpm/mg in free sterol, 6,520 dpm/mg in free fatty acid, 789 dpm/mg in sterol ester and 358 dpm/mg in hydrocarbon respectively. 4. The specific radioactivities of the sterols are 115 dpm/mg in cholesterol, 147,821 dpm/mg in 24-methylenecholesterol, 20, 887 dpm/mg in fucosterol.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.624-632
• /
• 1989

Lipids of Liza carinata roe were extracted and separated into detailed lipid classes by column chromatography. About 57-62% of the total lipids consisted of wax esters in which saturated and unsaturated fatty alcohols combined with fatty acids with up to six double bonds. Between the even-numbered wax ester peaks in gas-liquid chromatography, ones with odd chain lengths such as C31, C33 and C35 were eluted in appreciable amounts. Isomers composed of different fatty acids and alcohols at a given chain length were not resolved on 1.5% OV-17 column. The principal component of wax esters in sample A were C32, C34 and C30 (45.0%, 19.2%, and 12.2%), followed by C36 and C38 length (9.5% and 4.7%), while those in sample B were mainly occupied by C34, C32 and C36 length (36.3%, 31.4% and 14.5%) with minor components C30 and C38 length (5.2%, and 3.4%). The wax esters were not a random combination of constituent fatty acids and alcohols. With increase in boiling temperature the wax esters increased slightly in viscosity over the unboiled, showing a tendency toward randomness, and finally were completely randomized at $360^{\circ}C$ for 40 minutes. The enzymes involved in wax ester biosynthesis seemed to have high selectivity for chain length of fatty acids and alcohols.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.192-197
• /
• 1999

Proximate composition, sterol and $\alpha$-tocopherol ($\alpha$-Toc) contents of 35 species of marine invertebrates (13 species of Bivalvia, 10 species of Gastropoda, 4 species of Cephalopoda, 4 species of Crustacea, 2 species of Ascidacea and 2 species of Holothuroidea), which caught off the coast of Tongyeong of the Southern sea (Nam-Hae), Korea, were determined. Protein content showed relatively high level in herbivorous (seaweed feeder) and carnivorous species such as Gastropoda ($17.2\pm4.30\%$), Crustacea ($16.8\pm4.06\%$) and Cephalopoda ($15.3\pm3.24\%$), but showed low in plankton feeder and mud swallow such as Bivalvia ($11.8\pm2.49\%$), Ascidacea ($8.20\pm1.00\%$) and Holothuroidea ($3.94\pm1.13\%$). Total lipid (TL) content was low in most marine invertebrates, ranged from $0.24\%$ (blue colored sea cucumbers) to $1.96\%$ (sea squirts). Ascidacea contained the largest amount of TL in all samples, while Holothuroidea contained the smallest amount of TL, and other classes contained about $1\%$ of TL. Carbohydrates was rich in plankton feeder and Herbivorous species (seaweed feeder) such as Ascidacea ($6.60\pm4.53\%$), Bivalvia ($3.15\pm1.82\%$) and Gastropoda ($3.02\pm1.61\%$), while poor in carnivorous species such as Crustacea ($0.52\pm0.57\%$) and Cephalopoda ($1.00\pm0.63\%$). Moisture content was highest in Holothuroidea ($92.0\pm1.94\%$) and the lowest in Gastropoda ($77.0\pm1.95\%$): There were negative correlations between moisture and protein content, or TL, between protein and TL content; y= -0.8716x+184.452 (r=-0.87, p<0.001), $y=128.52e^{-0.0601x}$ (r=-0.55, P<0.001), $y=6.3047e^{-0.0904x}$(r=-0.42, P<0.02), respectively. Sterol content was ranged from 56 mg/100 g edible portion of red colored sea cucumbers to 216 mg/100 g edible portion of cockle and was high in the following order; Cephalopoda (148 $\pm$30.0mg)>Bivalvia (121$\pm$35.0mg)>Gastropoda (118$\pm$20.0mg)>Crustacea (116$\pm$31.0mg)>Ascidacea (78.0$\pm$2.00 mg)>Holothuroidea(62.0$\pm$8.00 mg). Crustacea contained 1$\~$2 mg $\alpha$-Toc/100 g edible portion whereas other classes contained trace or less than 1 mg/100 g of edible portion.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.13-23
• /
• 1988

Contents of total lipids, neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids of seed oils of 16 species of the Labiatae family were determined and their fatty acid compositions were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The results were summarized as follows. 1) Lipid contents of seeds were shown to be 40.6％ in Perilla frutescens Britton var. japonica, 32.2％ in P. frutescens britton var. acuta, 31.9％ in lsodon japonicus, 32.7% in l. inflexus, 48.3％ in l. serra, 35.1％ in Mosls dianthera, 38.2％ in M. punctulata, 33.4％ in Nepeta cataria, 26.3％ in Agastache rugosa, 30.9％ in Eisholtzia ciliata, 18.9％ in Salvia splendens, 23.9％ in Lycopus maackianus, 49.5％ in Clinopodium chinense var. parviflorum, 30.9％ in Ametystea caerulea, 33.1％ in Leonurus sibircus and 34.3％ in Scutellaria basicalensis. 2) Contents of neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids from the seed oils amounted to 98.6％, 0.7％, 0.8％ in P. frutescens Britton var. japonica; 95.5％, 1.3％, 3.1％ in P. frutescens Britton var. acuta; 95.1％, 1.8％, 3.1％ in l. japoincus; 91.4％, 3.5％, 5.1％ in l. inflexus; 96.8％, 0.7％, 2.5％ in l, serra; 96.0％, 1.8％, 2.2％ in Mosla dianthera; 94.7％, 2.0％, 3.3％ in M. punctulata; 90.1％, 2.4％, 7.5％ in Nepeta cataria; 90.1％, 3.4％, 6.5％ in Agastache rugosa; 86.3％, 3.3％, 10.4％ in Elsholtzia ciliata; 94.3％, 1.5％, 4.3％ in Salvia splendens; 87.2％, 2.9％, 9.0％ in Lycopus maackianus; 87.0％, 1.5％, 11.5％ in Clinopodium chinense var. parviflorum; 91.8％, 1.6％, 6.6％; 95.5％, 0.4％, 4.1％ in Leonurus sibricus; 89.0％, 1.4％, 9.6％ in Scutellaria baicalensis. 3) Total lipids revealed the predominace of unsaturated fatty acids (82.0-94.5％) and larger variations were found in the composition of ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid (0.4-67.9％) and linoleic acid (11.2-82.9％). High level of ${\alpha}-linoenic$ acid was present in P. frutescens Britton var. japonica (67.9％), P. frutescens Britton var, acuta (66.0％), lsodon japonicus (65.2％), l. inflexus (59.0％), l. serra (57.3％), Mosla dianthera (60.9％), Nepeta cataria (58.3％), Agastache rugosa (58.5％) and Elsholtzia ciliata (46.2％), and followed by linoleic acid (11.2-32.1％) and oleic acid (9.3-12.2％). However, linoleic acid was the most predominant component in the total lipids of Clinopodium chinense var. parviflorum (62.4％), Ametystea caerules (82.9％), Leonurus sibricus (60.9％) and Scutellaria baicalensis (63.4％), with very small amounts of ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid (0.4-3.1％). The total lipids of Salvia splendens, Lycopus maackianus and Mosla punctulata also contained linoleic acid of 31.3％, 48.8％ and 53.4％, with a considerable amount of ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid of 34.5％ 27.0％ and 16.7％. Palmitic acid was the major saturated fatty acid in all the oils investigated (4.1-14.2％). 4) Fatty acid profiles of neutral lipids bore a close resemblance to those of total lipids in all the seed oils, but different from those of glycolipids and phospholipids. Fatty acid composition pattern of glycolipids and phospholipids showed a considerably increased level of saturated fatty acids (19.0-66.8％, 17.8-35.2％) mainly composed of palmitic acid and stearic acid, and a noticeable low level of unsaturated fatty acids (41.2-80.9％, 64.7-82.1％) which was ascribed to the decrease in ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid of high ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid seed oils, and in linoleic acid of high linoleic seed oils, compared to that of total lipids and neutral lipids.