• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.115-125
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• 2015

This study was carried out to analyze comparison of carbon storage and physicochemical properties of vegetation soil for extensive green rooftop established at Seoul National University in september 2013. For this study, 42 plots were made by 2 kinds of vegetation soil including A-type and B-type. A-type vegetation soil plots were made of 90% perlite and 10% humus and B-type vegetation soil plots were made of 60% perlite, 20% vermiculite, 10% coco peat and 10% humus. This study used 6 kinds of plants which are Aster koraiensis, Sedum takesimense, Zoysia japonica Steud, Euonymus japonica, Rhododendron indicum SWEET and Ligustrum obtusifolium. Field research was carried out in 11 months after planting. Physiochemical properties of B-type vegetation soil plots were better than A-type vegetation soil plots in every way and soil carbon content was also higher at B-type vegetation soil plots as well. B-type vegetation soil plots were maintained 10 to 20% higher soil water content than A-type vegetation soil plots of the study period. The species of herb which showed the best carbon storage was Zoysia japonica Steud at B-type vegetation soil plots. The species of shrub which showed the best carbon storage was Ligustrum obtusifolium at B-type vegetation soil plots. Plants generally showed better growth at B-type vegetation soil plots and B-type vegetation soil plots were higher than A-type vegetation soil plots in soil carbon stock.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.144-154
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• 1995

The fruit color characteristics and persisting period of deciduous woody landscape plants were investigated through the field survey in Suwon region from January 1, 1992 to March 20, 1993. The summary of the study results was as follows; The total fruit color persisting period was about 320 days from May 1, 1992 when Prunus mume was beginning of fruit coloring, to March 20, 1993 when the fruits of Platanus occidentalis and platanus X acerifolia were persisting. And the plants of fruit persisting period over 60 days after leaf falling were Vibumum erosum, Ilex serrata, Ilex verticillata 'Christmas Cheer', Platanus X acerifolia, Platanus occidentalis, Berberis thunbergii 'Atropupurea', Ligustrum obtusifolium. According to the KBS standard color number, 52.6% of of the fruit color were red, 18.9% yellow, 11.6% black, green 9.5%, white 2.1%, violet 1.1%, and red is followed black 4.2%. Evodia daniellii, Ilex verticillata 'Christmas Cheer', Ilex serrata, Ginkgo biloba, Lindera obtusiloba, and Lindera erythrocarpa should be planted male and female species together for fruits. We got the new information on the fruit color characteritics and persisting period of Malus 'Hopa', Malus 'Almey', Malus 'Pioneer X', Acer rubrum, Malus prunifolia, Pyrus serotina, Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea', Vibumum rhytidophyllum, Rosa spp. Vitis vinifera, Vaccinium angustifolium, Ilex verticillata 'Christmas Cheer', Magnolia stellata, Aronia arbutifolia, Sorbus alnifolia, Lonicera japonica var. aueroreticulta, and Ligustrum X vicaryi. And we need to introduce new cultivars of woody landscape plants including Malus spp, Berberis spp, Sorbus alnifolia yellow autumn leaf clone etc. for the better planting design. The fruit persisting period of woody landscape plants studied by fruit name was that sorosis 276 days, samara 155 days, legume 153 days, hip 133 days, pome was 124 days, drupe 92 days, berry 73 days, capsule 67 days, follicle 55 days and nut 52 days respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.25-40
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• 2011

The vascular plants in Jeokjabong, Bogil Island were listed 350 taxa composed of 89 families, 233 genera, 309 species, 1 subspecies, 36 varieties and 4 forms. Divided into woody plants were 142 taxa (40.6%) and herbaceous plants were 208 taxa (59.4%). Based on the list of rare and endangered species by Korea Forest Service and Korea National Arboretum, 3 taxa were recorded; Celtis choseniana, Asarum maculatum, Rubus sorbifolius, and endemic plants, 10 taxa were recorded; Asarum maculatum, Cephalotaxus koreana, Carpinus coreana, Celtis choseniana, Lespedeza maritima, Indigofera koreana, Dendropanax morbifera, Ligustrum quihoui var. latifolium, Weigela subsessilis, Carex okamotoi, and plant species subject to permission for taking abroad, 4 taxa were recorded; Celtis choseniana, Asarum maculatum, Vaccinium oldhami, Carex okamotoi. Based on the list of floristic regional indicator plants by Korean Ministry of Environment were total 64 taxa (18.3% of all 350 taxa of vascular plants); Ligustrum quihoui var. latifolium in class IV, 19 taxa (Stauntonia hexaphylla, Cinnamomum japonicum, Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Centella asiatica, Verbena officinalis, Mitchella undulata, etc.) in class III, 5 taxa (Potentilla dickinsii, Ostericum melanotilingia, Sanicula rubriflora, Caryopteris incana, Teucrium veronicoides) in class II and 39 taxa (Gleichenia dichotoma, Cyrtomium fortunei, Aphananthe aspera, Rubus hirsutus, Meliosma myriantha, Hedera rhombea, Ainsliaea apiculata, etc.) in class I. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 5 families, 17 genera, 20 taxa (Phytolacca americana, Lepidium virginicum, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Verbesina alternifolia, Lolium perenne, etc.) and naturalization rate was 5.7% of all 350 taxa of vascular plants. Hereafter natural ecosystem into disturbance on naturalized plants and legal protection species and rare and endangered species distribute in the Bogil Island, precision investigation after management counterplan of the monitoring a point of view be required.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.303-315
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• 2018

Bonsai is part of export forest products in Korea. Demand for bonsai exports to other countries is growing but the need for quarantine hazards must be eliminated in other to export. Plant parasitic nematode is also an important factor in quarantine. The nematodes were surveyed from bonsai farms in 6 areas of Korea. The surveyed deciduous bonsai plants were Acer palmatum, Zinnia elegans, Ligustrum obtusiflium, Carpinus turcaninowii, and Malus sieboldii. Three plant parasitic nematodes (Hemicyliophora koreana, Rotylenchus blothrotylus and Xiphinema americanum) and three non-parasitic nematodes (Aporclaimellus donghwaens, Egtitus andhricus, and Mesodorylaimus usitatus) were isolated from bonsai. Non-parasitic nematode, Mesodorylaimus usitatus was isolated from all surveyed bonsai trees. Only two species of quarantine nematodes (Hemcylicopora koreana and Xiphinema americanum) were found from bonsai. A. donghwaens and M. usitatus were isolated from root of bonsai tree. However other nematodes were isolated from soil in bonsai trees.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1642-1647
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• 2011

The free radical scavenging activities of extracts from Ligustrum ovalifolium H. leaves (LOH) as well as various antioxidant activities such as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition were evaluated by electron spin resonance (ESR). The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the water and ethanolic extracts from LOH were $105.5{\pm}1.31$ and $102.1{\pm}1.82$ mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract, respectively, and $84{\pm}1.72$ and $82.8{\pm}1.65$ mg catechin equivalent/g extract. In addition, $IC_{50}$ values for the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryldrazyl (DPPH), alkyl, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of the water and ethanolic extracts were $0.021{\pm}0.002$ and $0.010{\pm}0.003$ mg/mL, $0.011{\pm}0.003$ and $0.012{\pm}0.002$ mg/mL, and $0.395{\pm}0.002$ and $0.443{\pm}0.002$ mg/mL, respectively. The ABTS radical scavenging activities of the water and ethanolic extracts from LOH and BHT were $0.073{\pm}0.12$, $0.130{\pm}0.06$ and $1.461{\pm}0.02$ mM Trolox equivalent/mg extract, respectively. The FRAP values of the extracts from LOH were higher than those of BHT, which was used as a positive control. The LOH extracts showed strong inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation as measured by ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay compared to that of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. Using MTT assay on human liver cells (Chang), extracts from LOH showed no toxicity at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. These results indicate that the LOH extracts possessed antioxidant activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.1205-1210
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• 2012

This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Ligustrum ovalifolium H. (LOH) leaf extracts on RAW264.7 macrophages. Cell toxicity was determined by MTT assay. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of LOH extracts by measuring nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducible NOS (iNOS) production, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by Western blotting. LOH ethanolic extracts (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/mL) significantly suppressed LPS-stimulated production of NO. The intracellular ROS level also significantly decreased. LOH ethanolic extracts reduced the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. The present results show that LOH ethanol extract has potent anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages. These results also suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of LOH extracts may be related to the inhibition of LPS-stimulated ROS and NO production. Therefore, ethanolic extracts of LOH leaves may be utilized as a good source of functional foods for protection against inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 1987

With the purpose of pursuing the increase and decrease of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b caused by application of the simulated acid rain treatment on Pinus koraiensis seedlings and Ligustrum obtusifolium cuttings, the experimental design of randomized block arrangement with three replications was implemented in the experimental field of Yesan National Agricultural Junior College, during the growing season of 1985. Pinus koraiensis seeds stratified in cool and moist condition were sown on pots, and in case of Ligustrum obtusifolium, C1/1 cuttings were potted for experimental use in the early spring. The regime of artificial acid rain, based upon precipitation frequency and density, was simulated from the learning of climatological data averaged from 30 years records. The spray of acid water containing pH values of 4.0 and 2.0 was initiated from the 1st of May and ended on the 31st of August. As control, ground water was also treated at the same time. To analyse the chlorophyll content, those leaves looking representative and unaffected by other harmful agents were sampled on the 18th of September, and UV-visible spectrophotometer was used. With decrease in pH values of acid rain, the content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b decreased in both species. The decrease in chlorophyll a could be confirmed through statistical significance, but not in chlorophyll b. And when we discussed the chlorophyll decrease index which was explained in detail in the paper, an attention might be given to similarly decreasing values in both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, according as pH levels of acid rain decreased. The ratios of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b in both species were not affected by different pH leaves of acid rain.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.881-889
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• 2007

The flora of vascular plants in Jangsanbong located at Busan Metropolitan City was investigated from April 2003 to April 2004. Vascular plants in the surveyed area were 254 taxa that belonged to 78 families, 175 genera, 218 species, 34 varieties, and 2 forma. Among them, 20 taxa of evergreen broad trees, 31 taxa of naturalized plants were identified, and especially Rubus trifidus was first recorded in Busan. In the upper part of a circular road dominant species was Pinus thunbergii. In the lower part of a circular road and the coastal area, dominant species were Platycarya strobilacea, Clerodendron trichotomum, Euscaphis japonica, Quercus aliena, Quercus dentata, Mallotus japonicus, which distribute mainly in the subtropical and temperate zone. In the surveyed area, the canopy consistsed of tall trees, Pinus thunbergii, and the understratum were trees such as Eurya japonica, Ficus erecta, Ligustrum japonicum, Prunus sargentii, and Celtis sinensis var. japonica.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2003

Fifteen major naturally populated habitats around the Mt. Halla, Jeju province for wild Cornus kousa are mostly located on the southeast side of the mountains at 850-1,550m in altitude at sea level and are in half sunney areas. More than 40.0% of the naturally populated area of Cornus kousa are edge of forest areas and 53.3% populate on the steep slope of the mountain in 0-5℃. The direction of the slop for about 40.0% of total populated areas is southeast. In the naturally populated areas, total of 64 taxa dividing into 42 families, 59 genera 56 species and 8 varieties have been shown, mostly Hydrangea petiolaris, Rubus oldhamii, Ilex crenata, Sasa quelpaertensis, Ligustrum obtusifolium. It is suggested that these areas are secondary forest in a typical deciduous forest in Mt. Halla where the second transition had been progressed after forest damage or environmental stress. The index of species diversity of plant groups in these areas is 1.286-4.238 based on the Shannon-Wiener's method.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2018

The review provides the information about 46 type specimens on 35 taxa of vascular plants from Korea (Fig. 1), kept in the Herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in addition to 150 taxa published before. Lectotype of Ligustrum patulum Palib is designated here.