• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.591-602
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the factors influencing happiness between the baby boom generation and the elderly generation, and to clarify the difference in the factors affecting happiness in old age. Thus, using the data of the '2019 Seoul Survey Urban Policy Indicators Survey', a total of 15,451 people including 7,831 baby boomers (born 1955-1963) and 7,620 seniors (born before 1954) were sampled. Through regression analysis, we analyzed what factors affect happiness. As a result of the analysis, family relations were the most influential factor of happiness in both groups, but next, satisfaction through participation in leisure activities for baby boomers and economic support for elderly generations had a great influence on happiness. In addition, the degree of participation in SNS, which has no effect on the baby boom generation, is a significant factor influencing happiness for the elderly, showing that participation in the digital environment is important to the elderly. In the results of this study, it was suggested that the baby boom generation and the elderly generation are significantly different in terms of group characteristics, and therefore their social needs for the pursuit of happiness in their old age should be approached differently.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.53-67
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• 2009

For the last decades, service quality has been studied as one of the most important tools for a service company to compete with the other companies. Based on these past researches, it has been agreed that the service quality is a basic and powerful tool to create the competitive advantage. Due to similar reason, many service marketing practitioners have been also focused on the service quality to retain the existing consumers and collect the new consumers. However, service quality is subjectively perceived by individual consumers. Consumer evaluation of service quality can be different from each other. Especially consumers with one life-style may evaluate the service quality differently from the consumers with the other life-styles. Therefore we need to know whether there are differences in service quality perception on the categories of life-style. Life-style refers to a distinctive mode of living in its aggregate and broadest sense. It embodies the patterns that were developed and emerged from the dynamics of living in a society. Since the concept of life-style and its relationship to marketing was introduced in 1963 by William Lazer, methods of measuring the life-style and their application have been developed. Life-style has been usually used to segment the marketplace because it offers marketers a unique and important view of the market. When Life-style is combined with clustering methods, life-style segmentation can generate identifiable whole persons rather than isolated fragment. Life-style segmentation begins with people instead of products and classifies them into different life-style types, each characterized by a unique style of living based on a wide range of activities, interests, and opinions(Plummer, 1974). In this study we applies the life-style segmentation based on the AIO(Activities, Interests, and Opinions) to the consumers of the large discount stores. In Korea, the large discount store market has entered into maturity stage so that the market differentiation strategy is becoming a more critical issue to the marketing practitioners. One of the most important tools to differentiate from the competitors in large discount store market is continuously to provide service of better quality than competitors. This study tries to find answers about the following questions: 1) How can we categorize the consumer life-styles in the large discount store? 2) What are the characteristics of the categorized groups? 3) Are there any differences in service quality perception among the consumers with different life-styles 4) Are there any differences in consumer behavior among them in the large discount store? For the purpose, we collected survey data from consumers and analyzed the data with the SPSS package where we had $X^2$-test, factor analysis, ANOVA, MANOVA, and cluster analysis. The survey was made during one month in the April of 2008. Among the collected 306 copies of questionnaires, 281 copies were chosen as the effective samples for empirical analysis except 25 copies with wrong responses. To identify the life-style patterns, we used the measures employed by Kim and Kwon(1999), where 44 items on a seven-point scale were used to measure factors of the life-style patterns. The Principal Component Method was used for factor extraction, and the VARIMAX orthogonal factor rotation was employed. The 7 items showing low factor loading were eliminated. The results of the factor analysis suggested that nine factors of the life-style patterns were identified as follows: 1) the equality-of-sexes and pursuit-of-independence tendency 2) self-management tendency 3) sociable tendency 4) self-display tendency 5) degree of a dilettante life 6) pursuit-of-information tendency 7) bargain hunter tendency 8) TV preference tendency 9) pursuit-of-leisure tendency. Next, after the K-means cluster analysis was performed with nine factors of the life-style patterns, the life-styles of the respondents were classified into four groups which are named as the 'progressive practicality-oriented group', 'positive success-oriented group', 'sociable ostentation-oriented group', 'stable conservation-oriented group'. The analysis results for usage behavior between the market segments showed statistically significant differences in the frequency of usage, duration time in the store, consumer satisfaction, and loyalty. Also, we tried to investigate whether the large discount store consumers differently perceive the quality of service based upon the types of life-style. To measure the service quality of large discount store, we adapted several measurement models measuring the service quality such as SERVPERF, BCP, R-SERVPERF, R-BCP. MANOVA and One-Way ANOVA were performed to confirm the difference in service quality perception based on the market segments. The results have also shown significant differences between life-style types in service quality perception. These findings show that the large discount store marketers should consider consumer life-style as one of the most important market segments for marketing and understand the difference in service quality perception between life-style types. Our findings give important implications to marketers of large discount stores as well as life-style researchers. First, this study showed there were significant differences in consumer's service quality perception and usage behavior between the types of life-style. It provides evidence that the life-style approach can be a important basis in segmenting the large discount store market and will make consumers perceive the service quality high. Second, most previous researches on service quality have been in aggregate level. However, our results imply that the future research on service quality have to focus on segment level.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2010

Recreation forests are in the spotlight as the place for personality development, mind and body comfort, companionship, and environment education in forests and valleys. Visitors to recreation forests have been on the increase along with booming in recreation forest building since 1988. Recreation forests are being categorized according to some features such as regional and environmental condition. Recreation forests, however, have not met the expectations of some visitors who want to take a rest with calmness due to the influence of the 5-day-work-week system, increasing interest in rest, leisure, and well-being, and users converge during weekends, summer, and the tourist season. In order to improve visitors' satisfaction efficiently, this study surveyed the level of satisfaction in each cluster based on the precedent study which had classified 85 national or public recreation forests in Korea into clusters. Questionnaires were distributed properly to each cluster and, of the 1,132 questionnaires collected, 1,015 were valid and used for analysis. Reliability of questionnaires and statistical validity of the model were verified. As a result, there are meaningful differences in the ranking of independent variables which affect the level of satisfaction according to clusters. Variables in rest and fatigue recovery have the strongest influence on the level of satisfaction in the clusters of potential factor, internal activation factor, and mixed potential capacity factor. In the use performance and visiting condition factor cluster, appropriateness of visit cost is most influential and, in the education cluster, connectivity with tourist attractions around it is most affective. These results can provide priority in services and maintenance of recreation forests for improving the level of satisfaction and differentiate the distribution of resources according to clusters.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.516-523
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise and/or L-arginine on abdominal fat, IGF-1 on GH/IGF-1 axis, fibrinogen, and PAI-1 in aged and obese rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a D-galactose aging inducing agent (50 mg/kg) given intraperitoneally for 12 weeks. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated and divided into four groups: aging-high fat diet group (AG+HF), AG+HF with L-arginine intake group (AG+LA), AG+HF with exercise group (AG+EX), and AG+EX with L-arginine intake group (AG+LA+EX). The experimental rats underwent treadmill training (60 min/day, 6 days/week at 0% gradient) for 12 weeks. L-arginine was given orally (150 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. After the experiment, blood was collected from the left ventricle and abdominal fat was extracted. The results showed that GH was significantly increased in AG+EX and AG+AL+EX. IGF-1 was significantly increased in both the AG+AL+EX and AG+EX group ($p$<0.05), while fibrinogen and PAI-1 were not significantly different among the groups. Abdominal fat was significantly decreased in the AG+LA, AG+EX, and AG+LA+EX groups ($p$<0.05) compared with the AG+HF group. In conclusion, this study suggests that exercise alone or L-arginine alone or a combination not only increases the GH and IGF-1 concentration, but also decreases the abdominal fat mass.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.12-21
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• 2020

This study aims to implement the Sustainability Evaluation Framework of Korea Natural Parks to county parks in Gyeongsangnam-do, and to review the performance status of management effectiveness evaluation (MEE) and identify factors that influence the improvement of management effectiveness in protected areas. County park officers evaluated current management using this framework that was developed based on the MEE framework designed by the Korean Ministry of Environment. Among the principal values of county parks, 'natural and ecological' is indicated as the most important, followed by 'cultural and historic value' and 'leisure and recreation'. Natural disasters and climate change, visitor impact-inappropriate visitor behavior are indicated as current threats, and three county parks administrators viewed that there was no particular threat to their park. According to MEE results, the most effective management fields were 'State of cultural and historic value', 'State of leisure and recreational value', 'Current state of principal value'. The comparatively weaker fields were 'Threatened species management', 'Invasive species management', 'Management monitoring and evaluation'. The effects of sustainable management on county parks were analyzed through a regression analysis, and the influence of management factors reveal 'Annual budget', will impact attaining higher management scores. This study presents the current management information about county parks and provides support for the basis for the planning of county parks in Korea, suggesting the influencing factor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.915-929
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• 2023

Improvements in people's quality of life, diversification of leisure activities, and changes in population structure have led to an increase in the demand for tourism and an expansion of the diversification of tourism activities. In particular, for coastal cities where land and marine tourism elements coexist, various factors influence their tourism demands. Tourism requires the construction of infrastructure and content development according to the demand at the tourist destination. This study aims to improve the prediction accuracy and explore influencing factors through time series analysis of tourism scale using agent-based data. Basic local governments in the Busan area were examined, and the data used were the number of tourists and the amount of tourism consumption on a monthly basis. The univariate time series analysis, which is a deterministic model, was used along with the SARIMAX analysis to identify the influencing factor. The tourism consumption propensity, focusing on the consumption amount according to business types and the amount of mentions on SNS, was set as the influencing factor. The difference in accuracy (RMSE standard) between the time series models that did and did not consider COVID-19 was found to be very wide, ranging from 1.8 times to 32.7 times by region. Additionally, considering the influencing factor, the tourism consumption business type and SNS trends were found to significantly impact the number of tourists and the amount of tourism consumption. Therefore, to predict future demand, external influences as well as the tourists' consumption tendencies and interests in terms of local tourism must be considered. This study aimed to predict future tourism demand in a coastal city such as Busan and identify factors affecting tourism scale, thereby contributing to policy decision-making to prepare tourism demand in consideration of government tourism policies and tourism trends.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.69-82
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to identify structural properties of C.B.D and to provide direction that required for the plan and its development by analyzing land use patterns and its characteristics in the center of the city. In this study, the future planning elements and detailed land use of Seoul was analyzed, in regard to the spatial structural hierarchy and the function of downtown, by investigation of its current urban spatial structure. First, the characteristic of the land-use for merchandising facilities is that it is developed from west to east along the Jong-ro, Myungdong and Namdaemun, it shows high rate of the facilities along the horizontal axis. The large market area on this district would be the reason to the high rate of mechandising facilities. Second, the characteristic of the land-use for business facilities is that it is highly rated on the area passing through the Sejong-ro and Seoul station. The analysis result of our investigation is that the projects executed by Seoul city such as 'downtown maintenance planning' and 'downtown recreation program' strengthened functions of business and merchandising and promoted downtown shopping, leisure, tourism functions resulting activation of nearby market place and evaluated as maintaing the centrality of downtown Seoul well.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.87-106
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• 2010

North Korea is hoping get more international aids and cooperations with facing serious difficulties in the domestic economies, but it is expected to be hard to induce foreign direct investments due to the lots of existing negative factors in the credibility, profitability, bad images, and so on. On the other hand, in South Korea, the demands of the places and facilities for the leisure & tourism have been skyrocketed with the fast economic growth during the last three decades, especially in marine tourism As the Korea peninsula is surrounded with sea in three sides, North and South Korea must utilize these area qualitatively and quantitatively for advance of entire cooperation. The cooperation through sea has some restraint factors. They may occur unexpected conflict and need enormous infrastructure investment for the further cooperation. In the other side, it has some advantages such as, it can avoid direct contact between both people for North government. Even though inter-Korean relationship is facing temporary cooling time recently, The marine tourism co-development of the South-North Korea is a potential and important factor for enhancement of the reconciliation and cooperation. Furthermore, it can achieve unification of two Koreas. This study reviews many factors and suggests marine policy Support devices for The marine tourism co-development between South-North Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.127-144
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• 2016

The purpose of the study was to investigate the self-esteem, appearance satisfaction, and clothing benefit pursuit the gap between subjective age and real age according to gender and age of middle-aged consumers. For the study, the questionnaire was developed by the authors and distributed to male and female consumers in their forties or fifties on september 1~10, 2014. A total of 470 questionnaires was collected and used for the final analysis. Data were analyzed by frequency analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA and Tukey's test, using the SPSS 18.0 Package Program. The findings were summarized as follows. There were significant differences in the subjective age of middle-aged consumers according to gender and age. Female consumers in their fifties perceived their subjective age to be younger than male consumers in forties and fifties. There were no significant differences in self-esteem among the groups according to gender and age. Significant differences were found in appearance satisfaction of male consumers in their fifties having higher appearance satisfaction than female consumers in their forties. There were significant differences in some factors of clothing pursuit benefits including pursuit of fashion, pursuit of youth, pursuit of rationale, pursuit of leisure, and pursuit of loyalty, among the groups according to gender and age with female consumers placing more importance on clothing-related benefits than their male counterparts. Local fashion businesses to consumers who target middle-aged consumers, this study can provide a basic data.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.31-53
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• 2015

This study analyzed the factors having an influence on married woman's childbirth abandonment based on the 2011 materials (the 4th year) of PSKC (Panel Study on Korean Children), KICCE (Korea Institute of Child Care and Education). The analysis showed a few results. First, 'educational expenses for children' and 'physical hardship' were the factors having a major influence on the abandonment of another childbirth. Second, there was some difference in the reason for the abandonment of another childbirth according to the current number of children. That is, women with one child gave up another childbirth because of 'hardship to juggle child-care and work', while women with two children showed 'child-care costs' as a more important reason for the abandonment of childbirth. Third, 'age' and 'instrumental value of children' also had an influence on the abandonment of childbirth. Fourth, there was some difference in the factors having an influence on childbirth abandonment according to the current number of children. The research found that the community child-care environment such as 'leisure and cultural facilities' influenced the women with one child, and maternal psychological factor such as 'marital conflicts' influenced the women with two children in their abandonment of another childbirth.