• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2013

The rate that women's EMTs(emergency medical technicians) in fire department occupy is increasing, but my general plan is aimed at suggesting the improving plan for the working environment of women's EMTs paying attention to the duty stresses of increasing women's EMTs, because improvement for the working environment of women's EMTs is being proceeded slowly. I suggested my improving plan for solving the working stress on the basis of a survey of the Recognition against women's EMTs as follows. Firstly, I suggested that physical strength of women's EMTs should be managed well continually via program establishment and a defined evaluation not only by employing a professional person in charge for physical strength in firehouse, but also by replenishing the suitable number for the urgent mobilization. Secondly, I suggested that the suitable number for the urgent mobilization should be increased to 3 including an ambulance driver. Thirdly, I suggested necessity such as the fruitful education and the creation of circumstances that can focus on education for improving participation rate, development of various new educational program, incentive program and penalty. finally, I suggested the fact that is related to the actual re-amendment of the concerned law and ordinance such as not only the smooth treatment of penalty for a traffic signal violation of ambulance and the legal remedy system due to aggravation of a patient's condition during a first-aid course, but also workshop and meeting among the periodical EMTs and administration of special therapy program and sufficient recess.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제10권8호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2012

'타진요' 사건이나 최진실의 자살사건 등에서 보듯이 인터넷상의 명예훼손은 치명적인 결과를 수반한다. 온라인상의 명예훼손은 연예인이나 공인을 넘어서 일반인에 까지 확산되고 있다. 온라인 포럼과 소셜네트워크의 범람은 인터넷 명예훼손의 피해자들에 대한 체계적인 보호 장치가 절실함을 반증한다. 그동안 우리나라는 미국의 유사한 해당 법률과 정책을 기반으로 "정보통신망이용촉진및정보보호등에관한법률" 등을 통해 네티즌과 인터넷 서비스 제공자간의 법적인 책임에 대한 범위를 규정함으로써 인터넷 명예훼손을 방지하려는 시도를 해왔다. 그러나 내용의 진위여부와 관계없이 인터넷 명예훼손의 피해자들은 제대로 된 보상도 받지 못한 채 낙인으로부터 자유하지 못한 것이 현실이다. 따라서 본 연구는 우리의 인터넷 명예훼손 방지 법안의 근간이 된 미국의 "통신품위법"과 최근 메릴랜드주 항소법원의 판례인 Brodie 사건을 고찰함으로써, 우리의 인터넷 명예훼손 방지 정책이 나아가야 할 실질적인 방향을 분석하고자 한다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제71권
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• pp.195-216
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• 2016

In determining the content of the FET standard, the tribunals stated protection of investor's legitimate expectations, due process and denial of justice, transparency, discrimination and arbitrariness, good faith, etc. The most major elements of the FET standard is the protection of the investor's legitimate and reasonable expectations. It is necessary to consider whether it is possible to what the expectations of investors are protected as legitimate and it is formed under any circumstances. If host state frustrate investor's legitimate expectations, it found a breach of the FET. The host state's specific assurance may reinforce investor's expectations, but such explicit statement is not always necessary. The host state must preserve a stable environment for investments. However, It must not be understood as the inalterability of the host state's legal framework. It implies that the host state's subsequent changes should be made consistently and predictably. The host state is entitled to exercise a reasonable regulatory authority to respond to changing circumstances in the public purpose. Therefore, whether the violation FET shall be determined through a balanced against the investor's legitimate expectations and the host state's reasonable regulatory exercise in the public interest. And investor should keep in mind that the principle of proportionality is applied unless host state provides stabilization clause or similar commitments to investor. Also host state should establish the basis of an argument about reasonable regulatory authority for public interest.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.465-486
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• 2014

본 연구는 브라질 오렌지 주스사건의 제로잉에 대한 판결을 분석하고 있다. 미국은 동 사건에서 행정재심사에서 제로잉을 사용하였고, '거래에 대한 가중평균' 제로잉의 사용을 금한다는 이전 상소기구의 판례를 따르는 패널 판결이 내려졌다. 그러나 패널의 판결이 분쟁해결시스템내의 '안정성과 예측가능성'을 고려하여 나왔다는 점에 주목하면서, 동일한 법적 문제에 대한 상소기구의 판례에 대한 선례구속원칙이 암묵적으로 적용되고 있음을 판단할 수 있었다. 하지만 상소기구의 판결에 대한 패널의 이견 또한 확인할 수 있었다. 미국-오렌지주스사건의 판결이 오랫동안 이어져 온 제로잉 사용을 금지할 수 있을 것 같지만 제2.4조 하의 공정비교요건의 확대적용은 제로잉에 대한 쟁점을 지속시킬 가능성을 가지고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 다행스러운 것은 동 사건의 판결에 맞추어 행정재심사에 대한 제로잉을 금지하겠다는 미국의 발표가 있었다. 결국 제로잉에 대한 여러 분쟁이 남아있지만, 미국-오렌지주스 사건의 판결이 반덤핑협정하의 제로잉관행에 대한 최종적인 판결이라고 조심스럽게 예상해 본다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.121-145
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• 2009

South Korea has investment agreements such as FTAs, BITs with several countries. Up to now, no single case has been registered against the Korean government on breach of investment agreements, but it is likely that the number of such cases would increase. Therefore, an investor-state dispute settlement system, an arbitral procedure by which a foreign investor may seek compensation of damage against the host country, is gaining its importance. The provision of the ISDS has been one of the hottest issues in Korea while the Kor-US FTA was being signed. In this respect, with the growing number of regional agreements such as BITs and FTAs, a careful scrutiny on the ISDS is necessary for Korea. I have therefore studied theoretically subjects including the National Treatment(NT), the Most-Favored Nation(MFN), Fair and Equitable Treatment and Expropriation - those that have been the objects of protection on investors. And I have analyzed ICSID arbitral awards and provided implications. In the ICSID arbitral awards, the Fair and Equitable Treatment turned out to be the most recognized violation on investors by the host State in terms of investor protection. On the other hand, Indirect Expropriation - a matter of which public anxiety was shown led by civic groups - was not generally recognized in arbitral awards. This study is written for sake of governments, local autonomous entities and public enterprises that are in charge of FTAs and BITs.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.86-94
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• 2015

본 연구는 2014년 7월29일 시행된 '대중문화예술산업발전법'의 핵심인 청소년 대중문화예술인의 보호 조항의 적절성 여부를 비판적 관점에서 분석하여 미비점 등 법률 개정 방향을 모색하고자 실시되었다. 분석 결과 이 법률은 성매매 알선, 노예계약, 제3자의 수익 편취 금지 등 논란이 되어온 사회적 요구를 포괄적으로 수용하였다. 그러나 연령별로 노동시간을 차등적으로 규정하지 않은 데다 청소년에게 강요해서는 안 되는 위험한 연기장면의 사례, 수면권 건강권 학습권 보장의 절차와 방법, 위반 시 벌칙(처벌) 조항 등을 충분하게 규정하지 않아 구체성과 적용성을 충족하는 방향으로 보완이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• 의료법학
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.209-236
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• 2013

The concept of expectation rights considers 'the expectation' that the patient should be given proper medical treatment as the benefit and protection of the law, so it would be the benefit and protection of the law due to personal rights different from 'the legal principle that has the possibility to a considerable extent' being in an extension of life and body. However, the problem how the patient's expectation of medical service sets up in order to make it the benefit and protection of the law would be still left in the vague concept of the patient's 'expectation', thus, in the first place, the medical practice following formed medical standard in every particular medical institutes should be the standard because these medical services are normally within a range of the patients' expectations. In addition, it should be naturally constituted as mental profit to get the subjective circumstances such as 'the patient's expectation' to be an object, and also, different from the profit and protection of the law such as life and body that should be absolutely protected, the origin of violation behavior should be regarded simultaneously to define the denotation of expectation rights. Therefore, the expectation rights violations would be problematic in case it fails to reach the medical standard that is expected for common doctors to practice properly. This is the concept of expectation rights that gets subjective matters such as the patient's expectation to be objectivity as medical practices that can be expected by generalized abstract doctors. This standard should be defined as the minimum standard that is naturally expected for doctors to practice, different from medical standard that decides the level of doctors.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.187-213
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• 2012

The purpose of this article is to examine Fair and Equitable Treatment in International Investment Agreements. Most BITs and other investment treaties provide for FET of foreign investments. Today, this concept is the most frequently invoked standard in investment disputes. It is also the standard with the highest practical relevance: a majority of successful claims pursued in international arbitration are based on a violation of the FET standard. The concept of FET is not new but has appeared in international documents for some time. Some of these documents were nonbinding others entered into force as multilateral or bilateral treaties. Considerable debate has surrounded the question of whether the FET standard merely reflects the internationalminimum standard, as contained in customary international law, or offers an autonomous standard that is additional to general international law. As a matter of textual interpretation, it seems implausible that a treaty would refer to a well-known concept like the "minimum standard of treatment in customary international law" by using the expression "fair and equitable treatment." Broad definitions or descriptions are not the only way to gauge the meaning of an elusive concept such as FET. Another method is to identify typical factual situations to which this principle has been applied. An examination of the practice of tribunals demonstrates that several principles can be identified that are embraced by the standard of fair and equitable treatment. Some of the cases discussed clearly speak to the central roles of transparency, stability, and the investor's legitimate expectations in the current understanding of the FET standard. Other contexts in which the standard has been applied concern compliance with contractual obligations, procedural propriety and due process, action in good faith, and freedom from coercion and harassment. In short, meeting the investor's central legitimate concern of legal consistency, stability, and predictability remains a major, but not the only, ingredient of an investment-friendly climate in which the host state in turn can reasonably expect to attract foreign investment.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제54권
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• pp.32-57
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• 2011

본 연구는 초 중 고교 교원의 정치적 표현의 자유 수단으로서의 시국선언 행위가 국가공무원법, 집회및시위에관한법률 등을 통해 달성하고자 하는 헌법적 가치와 충돌하는 경우의 쟁점이 무엇인지 살펴보고, 초 중 고교 교원의 시국선언에 대한 우리 법원의 인식을 교원 승 패소 여부를 통해 탐색적으로 살펴보고자 했다. 연구결과 분석대상이 된 31건의 판례 중 24건의 판례에서 교원이 패소하였고, 7건의 판례에서 교원이 승소하였음을 확인하였는데 우리 법원은 정치적 표현 행위의 공익성 여부, 영향력 여부, 표현의 내용 등을 비교형량의 핵심근거로 활용하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 초 중 고교 교원의 정치적 표현 수단인 시국선언과 타 가치가 충돌할 경우 적절한 비교형량을 위한 몇 가지 제언을 하고자 하였다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.315-346
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• 2012

The legal relationship between patient and physician is legally equal relationship. But, in times past, patients be compelled to sign an unequal contract, substantially. Because of the imbalance between supply and demand in the health care market. Today, the law of supply and demand in the health care market is running well. And as the cognition of citizens' rights grows, the relationship between patient and physician can also get a lot of changes. Patients have the right to know the information about medical care, and to decide whether or not to get treatment including invasions against their own bodies. In other words, Doctors have an obligation to explain to their patients. If doctors did not provide patients sufficient explanation or information, it violates the right of patients. This is a tort, or a breach of contract. To improve the remedy for violation of patient's right, patient is able to be protected by status as consumer. If patient is a kind of consumer in terms of medical consumption, he/she as consumer can enjoy supplementally the consumer's right. The patient as a consumer can exercise now a consumer's right as a constitutional right. In addition, with respect to consumer's rights, Framework Act on Consumers was enacted. This Act is based on constitutional provisions of Article 124 and the Act can be seen as a law that embodies consumer right because the provision of the constitutional law delegates specific contents. In the health care field, patients need to win recognition the statue of the consumer to hold the sovereignty of the consumer. In particular, if patients are consumers, they may be able to make good use of the quickly and efficiently collective dispute resolution and association lawsuit to rescue their damage, the Alternative Dispute Resolution(ADR) of Framework Act on Consumers.