• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 2014

Nutritive value analysis of feed is very important for the growth of livestock, and ensures the efficiency of feeds as well as economic status. However, general laboratory analyses require considerable time and high cost. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic technique used to analyze the nutritive values of seeds. It is very effective and less costly than the conventional method. The sample used in this study was a corn kernel and the partial least square regression method was used for evaluating nutrient composition, digestibility, and energy value based on the calibration equation. The evaluation methods employed were the coefficient of determination ($R^2$) and the root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP). The results showed the moisture content ($R^2_{val}=0.97$, RMSEP=0.109), crude protein content ($R^2_{val}=0.94$, RMSEP=0.212), neutral detergent fiber content ($R^2_{val}=0.96$, RMSEP=0.763), acid detergent fiber content ($R^2_{val}=0.96$, RMSEP=0.142), gross energy ($R^2_{val}=0.82$, RMSEP=23.249), in vitro dry matter digestibility ($R^2_{val}=0.68$, RMSEP=1.69), and metabolizable energy (approximately $R^2_{val}$ >0.80). This study confirmed that the nutritive components of corn kernels can be predicted using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2016

Purpose: This study examined the performance of two spectroscopy methods and multivariate classification methods to discriminate viable pepper seeds from their non-viable counterparts. Methods: A classification model for viable seeds was developed using partial least square discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) with Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) and Raman spectroscopic data in the range of $9080-4150cm^{-1}$ (1400-2400 nm) and $1800-970cm^{-1}$, respectively. The datasets were divided into 70% to calibration and 30% to validation. To reduce noise from the spectra and compare the classification results, preprocessing methods, such as mean, maximum, and range normalization, multivariate scattering correction, standard normal variate, and $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ derivatives with the Savitzky-Golay algorithm were used. Results: The classification accuracies for calibration using FT-NIR and Raman spectroscopy were both 99% with first derivative, whereas the validation accuracies were 90.5% with both multivariate scattering correction and standard normal variate, and 96.4% with the raw data (non-preprocessed data). Conclusions: These results indicate that FT-NIR and Raman spectroscopy are valuable tools for a feasible classification and evaluation of viable pepper seeds by providing useful information based on PLS-DA and the threshold value.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1529-1529
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• 2001

The watercore in apple is very important factor in storage and sorting of fruit. Most consumers tend to prefer the apple included watercore in immediately after harvest, however the watercore causes fruit flesh to brown during storage and lose the worth after all. But it is practically impossible to judge to the naked eye whether an apple has watercore or not. Therefore, the rapid, accurate and non-destructive analysis method for discrimination of watercore should be settled without delay. In this study we attempted the discrimination and quantitative analysis of watercore in apple fruit using near-infrared transmittance spectroscopy ‘Fuji’ apple fruits produced in Kyungpook of Korea was used in this experiment. The watercore content in apple was evaluated by graphic treatment of culled slice sections(10 mm). NIR transmittance spectra were collected over the 500 to 1000 nm spectral region with a spectrometer (Sentronic Co., Germany). The calibration models were carried out by partial least squares (PLS) analysis between NIR spectra data of apples and chemical data of watercore content. The spectra were different in absorbance between apple included watercore and not included one. Apple included watercore had higher absorption band than sample not included one at 732 and 820 nm. The calibration model seems to be accurate to predict the watercore content in apple fruit, the correlation coefficient (R) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were 0.99 and 0.93%, respectively. This result indicates that the PLSR calibration model by using NIR transmittance spectroscopy could be used for discrimination of watercore in apple fruit.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• spring
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• pp.337-340
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• 2004

The exactly reproduced prosody of a TTS system is one of the key factors that affect the naturalness of synthesized speech. In general, rules about prosody had been gathered either from linguistic knowledge or by analyzing the prosodic information from natural speech. But these could not be perfect and some of them could be incorrect. So we proposed artificial neural network(ANN)s that can be trained to team the prosody of natural speech and generate it. In learning phase, let ANNs learn the pitch and energy contour of center phoneme by applying a string of phonemes in a sentence to ANNs and comparing the output pattern with target pattern and making adjustment in weighting values to get the least mean square error between them. In test phase, the estimation rates were computed. We saw that ANNs could generate the prosody of a sentence.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1252-1263
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• 2009

In this paper, in order to improve a service quality and to broaden the service coverage in the mobile communication system a study on a digital RF repeater employed with an Interference Cancellation System(ICS) is performed. The digital RF repeater employed with an ICS is implemented to remove interference and feedback signals which are disadvantages of a conventional(or general) RF repeater. This thesis presents the design and experiments of the new wireless repeater. The proposed wireless repeater consists of a RF repeater mounted with digital engine. The digital ICS engine consists of a DSP and FPGA. The digital engine and RF circuit are designed into a one-piece. After developing hardware through the digital platform they are also designed and fabricated into a one-piece in order to apply a best performance repeater system. The method of removing interference and feedback signals is an adaptive IF technique employed with a LMS algorithm. The powerful performance and fast convergence speed is obtained by using this method.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.180-190
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to compare the sexual behaviors of breast cancer survivors (BCS) with women without breast cancer (WWBC) and provide basic data to develop education program for patients before surgery. The study sample included 215 subjects: 140 women without breast cancer and 75 women diagnosed at least six months previously with breast cancer. Data were collected using the Wilmoth's Sexual behaviors Questionnaire-F that consisted of 50 items measuring sexually: communication, sexual techniques, sexual responses, body scare, self-touch, relationship quality, and masturbation. All items were scored on a 6-Likert scale with high scores reflecting high levels of the specific sexual behaviors. The reliability of this instrument was .91(Cronbach‘s alpha). Data were collected during the period from September 1 to September 30, 2001. The collected data were analyzed using t-test, Chi-square, ANCOVA with SPSSwin program. The scores of a sample of WWBC were compared to those of BCS and the scores of BCS were compared by type of surgery and period since surgery. The results were as follows: 1. No differences in sexual behaviors were found between BCS and WWBC, but, differences were found in communication, sexual technique, and relationship quality depending on the period since surgery. 2. Mean Score of BCS' communication in sexual behaviors was significantly lower than that of the WWBC. 3. Sexual behaviors scores of BCS with Menopause, lumpectomy, long duration since surgery showed significantly higher than that of the others. In conclusions, BCS returned to the normal sexual behaviors according to period since surgery. The program of the sexual counseling for patients before surgery should consider this result in the future.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2002

It is crucial to know spatial soil variability for precision farming. However, it is time-consuming, and difficult to measure spatial soil properties. Therefore, there are needs fur sensing technology to estimate spatial soil variability, and for electronic mapping technology to store, manipulate and process the sampled data. This research was conducted to develop a real-time soil organic matter sensor and an electronic mapping system. A soil organic matter sensor was developed with a spectrophotometer in the 900∼1,700 nm range. It was designed in a penetrator type to measure reflectance of soil at 15cm depth. The signal was calibrated with organic matter content (OMC) of the soil which was sampled in the field. The OMC was measured by the Walkeley-Black method. The soil OMCs were ranged from 0.07 to 7.96%. Statistical partial least square and principle component regression analyses were used as calibration methods. Coefficient of determination, standard error prediction and bias were 0.85 0.72 and -0.13, respectively. The electronic mapping system was consisted of the soil OMC sensor, a DGPS, a database and a makeshift vehicle. An algorithm was developed to acquire data on sampling position and its OMC and to store the data in the database. Fifty samples in fields were taken to make an N-fertilizer dosage map. Mean absolute error of these data was 0.59. The Kring method was used to interpolate data between sampling nodes. The interpolated data was used to make a soil OMC map. Also an N-fertilizer dosage map was drawn using the soil OMC map. The N-fertilizer dosage was determined by the fertilizing equation recommended by National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology in Korea. Use of the N-fertilizer dosage map would increase precision fertilization up to 91% compared with conventional fertilization. Therefore, the developed electronic mapping system was feasible to not only precision determination of N-fertilizer dosage, but also reduction of environmental pollution.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2016

Purpose: Many tractors have adopted the horizontal control system designed to maintain the three-point mounted implements in horizontal position when they are tilted sideways. The control system rotates the implement in the opposite direction to the inclination of rear axle of the tractor. However, the current control system was found to have poor performance in accuracy and response. A new control system was therefore developed to improve the performance. Methods: The new control system was designed to get the response of the implement to be started earlier by using the tilt information from the front axle of the tractor. By this approach, the rotation of the implement can be adjusted as required to make it horizontal at the expected time, even though the response is slow. The optimal values of the control parameters for the new system were determined by computer simulation and validated by a performance test conducted with an obstacle of 120 mm height on a flat concrete surface. The performance of the control system was evaluated by the root mean square error (RMSE) of the rotation angle of the implement with respect to the actual inclination of the rear axle. Results: The new control system reduced the RMSE of the current control system by 44.6% indicating a high performance improvement. The inclination of the front axle was easily obtained from a sensor mounted on the front axle of the tractor and used as input to the new control system. Conclusions: The method of getting the response of the implement to be started earlier by utilizing the inclination information of the front axle can be applied to improve the performance of the current control system at least cost.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.369-376
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• 2011

The overall goal of this study was to examine the feasibility of predicting firmness of pear fruit by analyzing laser-induced light backscattering images. Thirty-five image analysis characteristics extracted from the laser-induced light backscattering images were used to build partial least squares regression (PLSR) models for predicting firmness of pear fruit. Experiments were conducted with three sets of pear samples which were in same "Shingo" cultivar, harvested in a same season, but produced in different counties. In every experiments with fruit samples produced in a same county, the correlation coefficients of prediction ($r_p$) and root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) of the models were 0.550~0.761 and 4.039~6.154 N, respectively. In an experiment with mixed fruit samples produced in different counties, the $r_p$ and RMSEP of the model were 0.669 and 5.02 N, respectively. The experiment results indicate that the analysis of laser-induced light backscattering images could be a useful tool for predicting firmness of pear fruit nondestructively.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.260-268
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• 2008

Optical diffuse reflectance sensing has potential for rapid and reliable on-site estimation of soil properties. For good results, proper calibration to measured soil properties is required. One issue is whether it is necessary to develop calibrations using samples from the specific area or areas (e.g., field, soil series) in which the sensor will be applied, or whether a general "factory" calibration is sufficient. A further question is if specific calibration is required, how many sample points are needed. In this study, these issues were addressed using data from 42 paddy fields representing 14 distinct soil series accounting for 74% of the total Korean paddy field area. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to develop calibrations between soil properties and reflectance spectra. Model evaluation was based on coefficient of determination ($R^2$) root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), and RPD, the ratio of standard deviation to RMSEP. When sample data from a soil series were included in the calibration stage (full information calibration), RPD values of prediction models were increased by 0.03 to 3.32, compared with results from calibration models not including data from the test soil series (calibration without site-specific information). Higher $R^2$ values were also obtained in most cases. Including some samples from the test soil series (hybrid calibration) generally increased RPD rapidly up to a certain number of sample points. A large portion of the potential improvement could be obtained by adding about 8 to 22 points, depending on the soil properties to be estimated, where the numbers were 10 to 18 for pH, 18-22 for EC, and 8 to 22 for total C. These results provide guidance on sampling and calibration requirements for NIR soil property estimation.