• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.89-99
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• 1991

The metal concentrations in lungs from 12 coal workers' pneumoconiosis(CWP) patients and 6 controls, who were not exposed occupationally to coal mine dust and metals during their life time, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 1. Copper, lead, nickel, magnesium, manganese, zinc and iron concentrations in lungs of CWP patients were $1.10{\pm}0.088$, $1.12{\pm}0.068$, $0.22{\pm}0.020$, $113.7{\pm}1.31$, $0.19{\pm}0.012$, $10.2{\pm}1.54$, $426.7{\pm}2.63{\mu}g/g$ wet weight. 2. Copper, lead, nickel, magnesium, manganese, zinc and iron concentrations in lungs of controls were $1.10{\pm}0.013$, $0.85{\pm}0.007$, $0.10{\pm}0.008$, $87.6{\pm}1.29$, $0.18{\pm}0.005$, $10.6{\pm}1.44$, $164.9{\pm}3.29{\mu}g/g$ wet weight. 3. The ratios of concentrations for copper, lead, nickel, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and iron in lungs for CWP patients and controls were 1 : 1, 1.32 : 1, 2.20 : 1, 1.30 : 1, 1.06 : 1, 0.92 : 1, 2.58 : 1, respectively. There were significant differences in concentrations of lead, nickel, magnesium, iron by group(p<0.05). 4. There was no significant difference in metal concentrations of right upper lobe, right lower lobe, left upper lobe and left lower lobe for both CWP patients and controls (p>0.05, p>0.05). 5. In CWP patients lead was well correlated with nickel showing a rank correlation coefficient of 0.533, and zinc was correlated with copper showing a rank correlation coefficient of 0.476. 6. The concentrations of copper, nickel, maganese, and zinc in Korean CWP patients were lower than those in foreign CWP patients.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.169-175
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• 1976

해수중 ppb 정도의 카드뮴, 구리, 납, 아연 및 수은 정량을 위한 용매추출-원자흡광법 및 환원기화법에 의한 무염원자흡광법을 검토했다. 용매추출 때의 최적 pH는 pH4-7였으며 용매로는 MIBK가 가장 효율이 좋았으며 킬레이트제로는 DDTC가 APDC보다 추출율 및 기타 조건이 유리했다. 즉 $1\iota$ 해수를 사용하여 pH4-5에서 DDTC-MIBK로 추출하여 아세칠렌-공기불꽃 중에 흡입시켜 흡광도를 측정하는 방법으로 해수시료를 분석한 결과 정밀저는 표준편차로 카드뮴 0.058 ppb, 구리 0.084 ppb, 납 0.44ppb였다, 아연은 $1\iota$ 시수를 사용했을 때는 블랭크값이 녀무 크게 나오고 그 정밀도가 극히 좋지 않았다. 시수량을 200ml로 했을 때는 비교적 정밀도가 좋았으며 표준편차로서 2.49 ppb였다. 수은은 시수 500ml을 황산-과망간산칼리움 분해법으로 분해시켜 염화제1주석으로 수은을 환원기화시켜 흡광도를 측정했으며 그 정밀도는 0.005 ppb였다. 이상의 방법으로 측정할 수 있는 각 금속의 정량감도는 카드뮴 $0.08\;ppb/\%$, 구리$0.15\;ppb/1\% $, 납 $0.6\;ppb/1\%$, 아연 $1.2\;ppb/1\%$, 수은 $0.01\;ppb/1\%$였다. 채수후 분석시까지의 시수보관에 따른 각 금속의 농도변화는 시수$1\iota$에 대해 질산 10ml 정도 넣어 pH 1.5 부근으로 하며 플리에칠렌병에서 보관한 결과 카드뮴, 구리, 납, 수은은 30일정도 까지는 안정하였으며 아연은 불규칙한 심한 변동을 보였다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1983

The Yeonhwa (I, II) and Keodo mines, neighboring in the middle part of the Taebaegsan mineral belt, contain three distinct classes of skarn deposits: the zinc-lead skarn at Yeonhwa (I, II), the iron skarn at Keodo south (Jangsan orebodies), and the copper skarn at Keodo north (78 orebodies). The present study characterizes the three classes of skarn deposits mainly in terms of skarn/ore associations examined from chemical compositional point of view, and applies existing quantitative phase diagrams to some pertinent mineral assemblages in these mines. At Yeonhwa I the Wolam I orebody shows a vertical variation in skarn minerals ranging from clinopyroxene/garnet zone on the lower levels through clinopyroxene (without garnet) zone on the intermediate levels, and finally to rhodochrosite veins on the upper levels and surface. Ore minerals, sphalerite and galena, associate most closely with the intermediate clinopyroxene zone. At Keodo, the Jangsan iron skarn hosted in quartz monzodiolite as a typical endoskarn, shows a skarn zoning, from center of orebody to outer side, magnetite zone, magnetite/garnet zone, garnet clinopyroxene zone, and clinopyroxene/epidote/plagioclase zone. The 78 copper skarn in the Hwajeol limestone indicates a zoning, from quartz porphyry side toward limestone side, orthoclase/epidote zone, epidote/clinopyroxene zone, and clinopyroxene/garnet zone; chalcopyrite and other copper sulfides tend to be in clinopyroxene/garnet zone. Mioroprobe analyses of clinopyroxenes and garnets from the various skarn zones mentioned above revealed that the Yeonhwa zinc/lead skarns are characterized by johansenitic clinopyroxene (Hd 25-78, Jo 15-23) and manganoan andraditic garnet (Ad 13-97, Sp 1-24), whereas the Jangsan iron skarn at Keodo by Mn-poor diopsidic clinopyroxene (Di 78-93, Jo 0.2-1.0) and Mn-poor grossularitic grandite (Gr 65-77, Sp 0.5-1.0). The 78 copper skarn at Keodo is characterized by Mn-poor diopsidic-salite (Di 66-91, Jo 0.2-1.1) and Mn-poor andraditic grandite(Ad 40-74, Sp 0.5-1.1). The compositional charateristics of iron, copper, and zinc-lead skarns in the Yeonhwa-Keodo mines are in good correlations with those of the foreign counterparts. Compiling a $T-XCO_2$ phase diagram for the Jangsan endoskarns, a potential upper limit of temperature of the main stage of skarn formation is estimated to be about $530^{\circ}C$, and a lower limit to be $400^{\circ}C$ or below assuming $XCO_2=0.05$ at P total=1kb. Applying a published log $fS_2$-log $fo_2$ diagram to the Keodo 78 and Yeonhwa exoskarns, it is revealed that copper sulfides and zinc-lead sulfides do not co-exist stably below log $fS_2=-4$ and log $fO_2=-23$ at $T=400^{\circ}C$ and ${\times}CO=1$ atm.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.493-505
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• 1993

Present experiments were undertaken in order to clarify the clinico-pathological characteristics of lead poisoning in goats. Twenty goats were divided into three experimental groups(A, B and C) and a control(D). The three experimental groups received diets contaminated artificially with 10(A group), 200(B group) and $1,000(C group){\mu}g/g$ of lead for 70 days, respectively. The control group received normal diets. Hair samples collected one or two weeks interval were examed for the lead content. On day 70. all the animals were necropsied and various organs were examined pathoanatomically. In addition, various organs were analyzed for lead, zine, copper, iron and calcium content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. From these experiments following results were obtained ; The lead content of hair was significantly increased from the $42^{nd}$, $21^{st}$ or $14^{th}$ day in all the three groups, which showed significant correlation with lead content of liver and spleen. The lead content of various organs including kidney, liver, spleen, ileum, bone and abomasum were significantly increased in accordance with the lead contamination. The increase was most prominent in abomasal wall. The zinc and copper content of liver, brain, ileum, skin, kidney, lung or muscle were increased in B and C groups whereas the iron and calcium content showed no significant change. Pathoanatomically, degeneration or necrosis of proximal convoluted tubules of kidney, peripheral necrosis of liver, fundic gland necrosis of abomasum and cerebral edema were observed in B and C groups.

• BMB Reports
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• 제56권11호
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• pp.575-583
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• 2023

Mitochondria, fundamental cellular organelles that govern energy metabolism, hold a pivotal role in cellular vitality. While consuming dioxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the electron transfer process within mitochondria can engender the formation of reactive oxygen species that exert dual roles in endothelial homeostatic signaling and oxidative stress. In the context of the intricate electron transfer process, several metal ions that include copper, iron, zinc, and manganese serve as crucial cofactors in mitochondrial metalloenzymes to mediate the synthesis of ATP and antioxidant defense. In this mini review, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the coordination chemistry of mitochondrial cuproenzymes. In detail, cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) reduces dioxygen to water coupled with proton pumping to generate an electrochemical gradient, while superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) functions in detoxifying superoxide into hydrogen peroxide. With an emphasis on the catalytic reactions of the copper metalloenzymes and insights into their ligand environment, we also outline the metalation process of these enzymes throughout the copper trafficking system. The impairment of copper homeostasis can trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, and potentially lead to the development of copper-related disorders. We describe the current knowledge regarding copper-mediated toxicity mechanisms, thereby shedding light on prospective therapeutic strategies for pathologies intertwined with copper dyshomeostasis.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2005

본 연구는 해양구조물로 재활용되는 제강 슬래그의 납, 구리, 카드뮴과 수은의 용출특성을 평가하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 고형폐기물의 용출규제 시험, 액고비 변화시험, pH 고정시험과 같은 다양한 용출시험을 하였다. 용출용매로 증류수를 이용한 경우와 해수를 이용한 경우의 pH 고정시험 결과, 제강슬래그에서 용출된 납, 구리, 카드뮴은 뚜렷한 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 용출용매로 증류수 사용시, pH 7-8 구간과 pH 11-12 구간에서 낮은 용출을 보였지만, 해수를 용출용매로 사용한 경우는, 증류수를 용매로 사용한 것 보다 높게 용출되었다. 수은 용출의 경우는 증류수를 용출용매로 이용한 것보다 해수를 이용한 경우에서 더 낮게 용출되었다. 한편, 제강 슬래그에서 용출되는 납, 구리, 카드뮴의 용존 및 침전 상태의 파악과 중금속 화합물들의 파악을 위하여 지화학 평형 프로그램인 Visual minteq를 사용하였다. 해수와 반응한 제강 슬래그에서 용출된 납, 구리는 pH 11-12 구간에서 대부분 용존되지만 pH가 감소되는 pH 7-10에서는 90% 이상만이 침전하였고, 카드뮴의 경우는 100% 용존상태로 존재하였다. 증류수와 반응한 제강 슬래그에서 용출된 납은 해수의 경우도 유사하였고, 구리와 카드뮴은 100% 용존상태로 존재하였다. 해수 내의 $Cl^-,\;CO_3^{-2},\;SO_4^{-2}$와 결합한 납화합물은 $PbCl^+,\;PbSO_4$로 이루어졌으며, 구리화합물은 $CuSO_4,\;CuCO_3$, 카드뮴화합물은 $CdCl^+,\;CdSO_4$ 등이 형성되었다. 수은의 경우는 해수 및 증류수를 용출용매로 이용한 모든 경우에서 납, 구리, 카드뮴과는 달리 대부분 침전하였다. 더욱이 해수에 존재하는 고농도 염소($Cl^-$)와의 수착으로 인해 finite solid인 calomel($Hg_2Cl_2$)이 형성되어 대부분 침전(SI=0)되기 때문에 납, 구리, 카드뮴 보다 더 낮은 환경이동성을 갖을 것으로 사료된다. 상기 실험결과 용출용매로 증류수와 해수를 이용했을 때, 제강 슬래그에서 용출되는 납, 구리, 카드뮴, 수은의 용출 경향의 차이를 확인할 수 있었고 이에 따라서, 납, 구리, 카드뮴의 용출 유해성은 낮기 때문에 해양구조물로의 제강슬래그 유효이용은 적합할 것으로 판단되었다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.335-338
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• 2006

Methylglyoxal (MG) is an endogenous physiological metabolite which is present in increased concentrations in diabetics. MG reacts with the amino acids of proteins to form advanced glycation end products. In this in vitro study, we investigated the effect of MG on the structure and function of ceruloplasmin (CP) a serum oxidase carrier of copper ions in the human. When CP was incubated with MG, the protein showed increased electrophoretic mobility which represented the aggregates at a high concentration of MG (100 mM). MG-mediated CP aggregation led to the loss of enzymatic activity and the release of copper ions from the protein. Radical scavengers and copper ion chelators significantly prevented CP aggregation. CP is an important protein that circulates in plasma as a major copper transport protein. It is suggested that oxidative damage of CP by MG may induce perturbations of the copper transport system and subsequently lead to harmful intracellular condition. The proposed mechanism, in part, may provide an explanation for the deterioration of organs in the diabetic patient.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2017

A soldering temperature of ($235{\pm}3$) $^{\circ}C$ is described in ISO 9455-15 for the copper corrosion test. However, this temperature is not suitable for performing lead-free solder pastes. We evaluated the compatibility of a lead-free solder paste in the experimental conditions of (Liquidus temperature + ($35{\pm}3$)) $^{\circ}C$. Based on the results after a Cu corrosion test, a proper temperature for Pb-free soldering was (melting point+($35{\pm}3$)) $^{\circ}C$. Criteria used to evaluate corrosion due to discoloration of flux residue is described in ISO 9455-15, but a more quantitative evaluation standard is needed. In this study, experimental error level was estimated by analyzing flux residue after a corrosion test for 72, 500 hours of specimens using EDS analysis with acceleration voltage. It was determined that the copper area at the flux residue boundary is suitable for the EDS analysis area.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권12호
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• pp.4671-4677
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• 2023

For the first time Pb, Ni, and Cu nanocomposites were synthesized by versatile solution combustion synthesis using Aloevera extract as a reducing agent, to study the potential applications in X-ray/gamma, neutron, and Bremsstrahlung shielding. The synthesized Lead-Nickel-Copper (LNC) nanocomposites were characterized by PXRD, SEM, UV-VIS, and FTIR for the confirmation of successful synthesis. PXRD analysis confirmed the formation of multiphase LNC NCs and the Scherrer equation and the W-H plot gave the average crystal sizes of 19 nm and 17 nm. Surface morphology using SEM and EDX confirmed the presence of LNC NCs. Strong absorption peaks were analyzed by UV visible spectroscopy and the direct energy gap is found to be 3.083 eV. Functional groups present in the LNC NCs were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. X-ray/gamma radiation shielding properties were measured using NaI(Tl) detector coupled with MCA. It is found to be very close to Pb. Neutron shielding parameters were compared with traditional shielding materials and found LNC NCs are better than lead and concrete. Secondary radiation shielding known as Bremsstrahlung shielding characteristics also studied and found that LNC NCs are best in secondary radiation shielding. Hence LNC NCs find shielding applications in ionizing radiation such as X-ray/gamma and neutron radiation.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.154-158
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• 2007

For the application of flexible printed circuit board (FPCB), electroplated copper is required to have low surface roughness and residual stress. In the paper, the effects of surface roughness and residual stress of electroplated copper as thick as $8{\mu}m$ were studied on organic additives such as inhibitor, leveler and accelerator. Polyimide film coated with sputtered copper was used as a substrate. Surface roughness and surface morphology were measured by 3D-laser surface analysis and FESEM, respectively. Residual stress was calculated by Stoney's equation after measuring radius curvature of specimen. The addition of additives except high concentration of accelerator in the electrolyte decreased surface roughness of electroplated copper film. Such a tendency was explained by the function of additives among which the inhibitor and the leveler inhibit electroplating on a whole surface and prolusions, respectively. The accelerator plays a role in accelerating the electroplating in valley parts. The inhibitors and the leveler increased residual stress, whereas the accelerator decreased it. It was thought to be related with entrapped additives on electroplated copper film rather than the preferred orientation of electroplated copper film. The reason why additives lead to residual stress remains for the future work.