• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.107-112
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• 2011

In this study, photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of bisphenol A (BPA), which has been listed as one of endocrine disruptors, were carried out in the CPC system using $Tio_2$ slurry and UVA irradiation. The degradation efficiency has been investigated under the controlled parameters including initial concentration (5, 10, 20 mg/L), dosage of $Tio_2$ (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 g/L), UVA power (0, 80, 120 W) and temperature (0, 20, 30). At 10mg/L of initial concentration, BPA was degraded above 80% after 10min, BPA were degraded 97% and 49% at 20 mg/L and 30 mg/L, respectively. At $Tio_2$ dosage was 0.1 and 0.5 g/L, the degradations of BPA showed similar trend and were about 70% after 1 hr, and the degradation of BPA was above 80% after 30 min at 1 g/L of $Tio_2$ dosage. The increase of degradation seem to be due to the increase in the total surface area, namely number of active sites, available for the photocatalytic reaction as the dosage of photocatalyst increased. When the UVA power was 120 W, BPA was degraded rapidly above 60% after 10min of reaction time. To investigate the effect of temperature, carried out experiment controlled temperature, there were no significant differences depending on the temperature. After 1hr, the degradation of BPA were 46%, 67%, and 69% at 10, 20 and $30^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 2021

5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a representative photosensitizer used in numerous fields including cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this study, experiments were conducted to optimize the growth of Rhodobacter sphaeroides and production of ALA through LED irradiation of various wavelengths, addition of organic acid precursors of ALA, and changes in glucose concentration. After 72 h cultivation, the 850 nm wavelength LED irradiated at the same light intensity as the incandescent lamp increased the growth of R. sphaeroides and the production of ALA about 1.5- and 1.8-fold as compared with the control, respectively (p <0.0001 and p <0.0001). As a result of culturing R. sphaeroides by irradiating an LED with a wavelength of 850 nm after adding organic acid to the final concentration of 5 mM in culture medium, the production of ALA was increased about 2.8-fold in medium supplemented with pyruvic acid compared with the control (p <0.0001). In addition, the growth of the strain and the production of ALA were increased about 2.9- and 3.4-fold in medium supplemented with 40 mM glucose compared to the control which added only 5 mM pyruvic acid, respectively (p <0.0001 and p <0.0001). The yield of ALA per cell dry mass was about 1.4 folds higher than that of the control in 20 and 40 mM glucose, respectively (p <0.001). In conclusion, the growth of R. sphaeroides and production of ALA were increased by 850 nm wavelength LED irradiation. It also optimized the growth of R. sphaeroides and production of ALA through organic acid addition and glucose concentration changes.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.297-301
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• 2009

This study was performed to develop a prediction model of sugar content for strawberry. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been prevailed for on-line and portable applications for non-invasive quality assessment of intact fruit. This work presents effects of illumination method and coating of reflection surface of light source on prediction result of sugar content. Effect of preprocessing methods was also examined. A low-cost commercially available VIS/NIR spectrometer was used for estimation of total soluble solids content (Brix). To predict sugar contents of strawberry, the best results were obtained with the spectrum data measured under intensive illuminations at three locations induced from the light source with fiber optic bundles. Gold coating of reflection surface of light source lamp gave favorable effect to prediction result. The best results in validation of PLSR model were $r_{SEP}$ = 0.891 and SEP = 0.443 Brix under OSC preprocessing and those of PCR were $r_{SEP}$ = 0.845, SEP $r_{SEP}$= 0.520 Brix, under no preprocessing.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.311-317
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• 2019

To investigate the effects of light on growth in fish, olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) were reared under four kinds of monochromatic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at violet (400 nm), blue (465 nm), green (508 nm), and red (635 nm) wavelengths, along with a white fluorescent lamp as control. The rearing experiments were carried out with 15 fish per tank under different wavelength illumination at the same intensity. After rearing the fish under a 12 hr:12 hr light:dark photoperiod for 60 days, percentage increases in weight gain of $269.92{\pm}13.02$, $363.21{\pm}3.74$, $433.22{\pm}4.83$, $290.17{\pm}11.83$, and $340.74{\pm}26.58%$ and increases in specific growth rates (SGR) of $2.18{\pm}0.06$, $2.56{\pm}0.07$, $2.79{\pm}0.01$, $2.27{\pm}0.05$, and $2.47{\pm}0.10$ were observed in fish grown under the illumination of red, blue, green, and violet LEDs and the white fluorescent light, respectively. The results show faster growth in fish reared under green LEDs, but slower growth in those reared under red light. Differences in most blood parameters were minor, aside from an increased level of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in the fish grown under red LED illumination. Histological analysis of the retina showed few changes in the ratio of photoreceptor layer thickness to total retina thickness in fish reared under the green LEDs compared to those in other illumination groups. These results indicate that green LED light can foster increased growth in olive flounder with no distinct harmful effects on their light-sensitive photoreceptor layers.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1008-1015
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• 2018

$I{\kappa}B$, a cytoplasmic inhibitor of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$), is reportedly degraded via the proteasome. However, we recently found that long-term incubation with proteasome inhibitors (PIs) such as PS-341 or MG132 induces $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation via an alternative pathway, lysosome, which results in $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation and confers resistance to PI-induced lung cancer cell death. To enhance the anti-cancer efficacy of PIs, elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of PI-induced $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation is necessary. Here, we demonstrated that PI up-regulates nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) via both de novo protein synthesis and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) degradation, which is responsible for $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation via macroautophagy activation. PIs increased the protein level of light chain 3B (LC3B, macroautophagy marker), but not lysosome-associated membrane protein 2a (Lamp2a, the receptor for chaperone-mediated autophagy) in NCI-H157 and A549 lung cancer cells. Pretreatment with macroautophagy inhibitor or knock-down of LC3B blocked PI-induced $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation. PIs up-regulated Nrf2 by increasing its transcription and mediating degradation of KEAP1 (cytoplasmic inhibitor of Nrf2). Overexpression of dominant-negative Nrf2, which lacks an N-terminal transactivating domain, or knock-down of Nrf2 suppressed PI-induced LC3B protein expression and subsequent $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation. Thus, blocking of the Nrf2 pathway enhanced PI-induced cell death. These findings suggest that Nrf2-driven induction of LC3B plays an essential role in PI-induced activation of the $I{\kappa}B$/$NF-{\kappa}B$ pathway, which attenuates the anti-tumor efficacy of PIs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.96-101
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the light quality of a Light Emitting Diode (LED) on the phosphate uptake of Prasinophytes Tetraselmis suecica and Tetraselmis tetrathele. These species were exposed to a blue LED (max = 450 nm), a yellow LED (max = 590 nm), a red LED (max = 630 nm) and a fluorescent lamp (control) at $100{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$. The maximum uptake rates (${\rho}_{max}$) of T. suecica and T. tetrathele under the red LED were $6.35pmol\;cell^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$ and $9.85pmol\;cell^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$, respectively. The half saturation constants (Ks) of two species were $9.43{\mu}M$ and $21.2{\mu}M$, respectively. The phosphate affinity of the two species under the red LED was higher than that of other wavelengths. Thus, the optimum light source to ensure economically effective and productive growth in a Tetraselmis culture system (Photo-Bioreactor) would be red LEDs because of the high growth rate shown, regardless of relatively low nutrient conditions.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

Organic dye-doped silica nanoparticles are used as a promising nanomaterials for bio-labeling, bio-imaging and bio-sensing. Fluorescent silica nanoparticles(NPs) have been synthesized by the modified $St{\ddot{o}}ber$ method. In this study, dye-free fluorescent silica NPs of various sized were synthesized by Sol-Gel process as the modified $St{\ddot{o}}ber$ method. The functional material of APTES((3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane) was added as an additive during the Sol-Gel process. The as-synthesized silica NPs were calcined at $400^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. The surface morphology and particle size of the as-synthesized silica NPs were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The fluorescent characteristics of the as-synthesized silica NPs was confirmed by UV lamp irradiation of 365 nm wavelength. The photoluminescence (PL) of the as-synthesized silica NPs with different size was analyzed by fluorometry. As the results, the as-synthesized silica NPs exhibits same blue fluorescent characteristics for different NPs size. Especially, as increased of the silica NPs size, the intensity of PL was decreased. The blue fluorescence of dye-free silica NPs was attributed to linkage of $NH_2$ groups of the APTES layer and oxygen-related defects in the silica matrix skeleton.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.461-471
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• 2018

In this study, the deforestation and forest degradation areas have been obtained in Myanmar using a land cover lamp (LCM) and a tree cover map (TCM) to get the $CO_2$ potential reduction and the strength of occurrence was evaluated by using the geostatistical technique. By applying a multiple criteria decision-making method to the regions having high strength of occurrence for the $CO_2$ potential reduction for the deforestation and forest degradation areas, the priority was selected for candidate lands for REDD+ project. The areas of deforestation and forest degradation were 609,690ha and 43,515ha each from 2010 to 2015. By township, Mong Kung had the highest among the area of deforestation with 3,069ha while Thlangtlang had the highest in the area of forest degradation with 9,213 ha. The number of $CO_2$ potential reduction hotspot areas among the deforestation areas was 15, taking up the $CO_2$ potential reduction of 192,000 ton in average, which is 6 times higher than that of all target areas. Especially, the township of Hsipaw inside the Shan region had a $CO_2$ potential reduction of about 772,000 tons, the largest reduction potential among the hotpot areas. There were many $CO_2$ potential reduction hot spot areas among the forest degradation area in the eastern part of the target region and has the $CO_2$ potential reduction of 1,164,000 tons, which was 27 times higher than that of the total area. AHP importance analysis showed that the topographic characteristic was 0.41 (0.40 for height from surface, 0.29 for the slope and 0.31 for the distance from water area) while the geographical characteristic was 0.59 (0.56 for the distance from road, 0.56 for the distance from settlement area and 0.19 for the distance from Capital). Yawunghwe, Kalaw, and Hsi Hseng were selected as the preferred locations for the REDD+ candidate region for the deforestation area while Einme, Tiddim, and Falam were selected as the preferred locations for the forest degradation area.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.45-45
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• 2019

This experiment was carried out using artificial clay and LED in the plastic film house (irradiation time: 08:00~18:00/day). Seedlings (n = 63 per $3.3m^2$) of ginseng was planted on May 17, 2018. LED was combined with red and blue light in a 3:1 ratio and irradiated with different light intensity. The average air temperature from April to September was $12.3^{\circ}C$ $-26.0^{\circ}C$ and it was the the highest at $26.0^{\circ}C$ in August. The test area where fluorescent lamp was irradiated tended to be somewhat higher than the LED irradiation area. The chemical properties of the test soil are as follows. pH levels was 5.3~5.5, EC levels 0.45~0.52 dS/m and OM levels 33~37%. The total nitrogen content was 0.35~0.47% and the available $P_2O_5$ contents was 13.7~16.0 mg/kg, which was lower than the suitable level of 70~200 mg/kg. Exchangeable cations K and Mg contents were within acceptable ranges, but the Ca contents was $28{\sim}38cmol^+/kg$ levels higher than the permissible level ($2{\sim}6cmol^+/kg$). Germination of ginseng leaves took 8~9 days and the overall germination rate was 70~75%. The photometric characteristics of LED light intensity are as follows. The greater the light intensity, the higher the PAR (Photosynthetic Action Radiation) value, illuminance and solar irradiation. Photosynthetic rate was also increased with higher light intensity was investigated at $1.7{\sim}3.2{\mu}mol\;CO_2/m^2/s$. Leaf temperature ($23.7{\sim}24.8^{\circ}C$) by light intensity was the same trend. The growth of aerial parts (plant height etc.) were generally excellent when irradiated with 3 times the light intensity, the growth of the ginseng aerial parts were excellent as follows. The plant height was 42.6 cm, stem length was 25.2 cm, leaf length was 9.6 cm and stem diameter was 5.0 mm. The growth of underground part (root length etc.) was the same, and the root length was 24.4 cm, the tap root length was 6.0 cm, diameter of taproot was 18.2 mm and the fresh root weight was 17.2 g. There were no disease incidence such as Alternaria blight, Gray mold and Anthracnose. Disease of Damping off occurred 2.2~3.6% and incidence ratio of rusty root ginseng was 14.6~20.7%. Leaf discoloration rate was 13.7~48.9% and increased with increasing light intensity. Ginsenoside content of ginseng by light intensity is under analysis.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.13-21
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• 2019

The influences of light generated by LEDs on shoot growth and photosynthesis of Tea plant(Camellia sinensis L.) were evaluated. The growth characteristics were investigated after 45 days of culture under four different light qualities: fluorescent lamp, red LED, blue LED, red+blue+white LED. Shoot growth was promoted by red light, especially root length and area were further promoted under the red+blue+white LED. Also, T/R ratio and Chlorophyll content were highest in red+blue+white. Fluor Cam was used to measure the fluorescence images of the plants, inhibition of photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm) were not changed in all treatment. However, non-photochemical quenching(NPQ) were found rapidly increasing in blue LED, these results were that blue LED were inhibit photosynthetic efficiency and must be considered for efficiently in vitro cultivation of the tea plant. The above results suggest that light qualities could be an important factor to foster in vitro growth of the species. Also, In order to produce healthy plants, it is effective to using light qualities of red+blue+white LED on in vitro culture of the tea plant. These results could be used to mass propagating shoot and produce of healthy seedling.