• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2005

We investigated interventions by mother Jeju ponies on Jeju Island, Korea, to determine whether mothers assisted their offspring to attain higher status within the dominance hierarchy. Because dominance rank is important within each gender, we predicted that mothers would be more likely to intervene when their foals were play-fighting with foals of the same gender. A total of 173 play-fighting events were recorded from March to October 1998 and from April to October 1999. Of these, foals were more likely to play-fight with a foal of the same gender as with a foal of the opposite gender (120 versus 53 occurrences, respectively). A mother of one of the foals that were play-fighting intervened in 17 of these interactions. Contrary to the prediction, a mare was more likely to intervene when opposite genders interacted than when the same gender interacted. Analyzing interactions between the opposite genders further, mothers were equally likely to intervene when a daughter was play-fighting with a male foal as when a son was play-fighting with a female foal. Hence, mothers were not more protective of daughters than sons. Mothers that were in the younger age class ($2\sim11$ years old) were as likely to intervene as those in the elder age class ($17\sim25$ years old). However, all foals that were harassed were offspring of mothers in the younger, more subordinate age class. intervention directly maintains the dominance rank of the intervening mother, and may indirectly assist the intervening mother's foal to achieve a higher dominance rank. By discouraging their foals from play-fighting with the opposite genders, dominant mothers may be encouraging their foals to play-fight with the same gender and participate in establishing its own dominance rank.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.558-563
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• 2009

Objective : Moyamoya disease (MMD) is an uncommon cerebrovascular disorder, characterized by progressive occlusion at the terminal portion of the internal carotid artery. Incidence of the disease is high in East Asia and familial MMD accounts for about 15% of the disease. Although the pathogenesis is unknown, association of HLA class I or II alleles with MMD has been reported with conflicting results. We investigated whether there is a difference in HLA class II association between familial and non-familial forms of the disease. Methods : A total of 70 Korean children with MMD, including 16 familial cases (10 probands), and 207 healthy controls were studied. Among familial cases, only 10 probands were used for the HLA frequency analysis. High resolution HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequence specific oligonucleotide hybridization and PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism methods. Results : The phenotype frequencies of HLA-DRB1*1302 (70.0%) and DQB1*0609 (40.0%) were significantly increased in familial MMD compared to both controls [vs. 15.5%, corrected p ($p_c$) = 0.008, odds ratio (OR) = 12.76; vs. 4.3%, $p_c\;=\;0.02$, OR = 14.67] and non-familial MMD patients (vs. 14.8%, $p_c\;=\;0.02$, OR = 13.42; vs. 1.9%, $p_c\;=\;0.02$, OR = 35.33). The frequencies of DRB1 and DQB1 alleles in non-familial MMD patients were not significantly different from those in controls. Conclusion : Our findings suggest that the genetic polymorphism of HLA class II genes or other closely linked disease relevant gene(s) could be a genetic predisposing factor for familial MMD.

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.29-44
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• 2014

2009 개정 교육과정에서 수학교과교실의 활용에 관한 내용이 언급된 후, 중등학교에서는 2014년까지 모든 학교에서 수학교과교실제가 전면 시행될 계획이다. 본 연구는 수학교과교실의 활용이 초등학교로 확장될 것으로 보고, 초등학교에서의 수학실의 기능 및 활용 방향을 탐색하였다. 수학실에 관한 문헌연구를 통해 설문을 구성하여 현직 초등학교 교사들을 중심으로 수학실에 관한 다양한 의견을 조사하였다. 이를 토대로 초등학교 수학실의 기능과 활용에 관한 방향을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서는 초등학교 수학실의 주요 기능으로 수학문화체험실, 수학레크리에이션실, 수학특별수업실세 가지를 제안하였다. 본 연구는 차후 중등학교의 수학교과교실과는 차별화되는 초등학교 수학실의 구성 및 활용에 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

• 호스피스학술지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.6-14
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• 2007

Purpose: Hepatocellular carcinoma is the 3rd leading cause of cancer death in Korea and its prognosis is very poor. We aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of terminal patients with hepatocellular carcinoma on admission into a hospice unit, and to know if they had received appropriate hospice and palliative care. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records in 62 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who had admitted, received palliative care, and died in a hospice unit between January 2003 and December 2005. Results: The median age of patients was 56.5 years with 50 men(80.65%) and 12 women(19.35%) and gender ratio(male to female) was 417. Child-Pugh class A, B, and C were 6(9.68%), 22(35.38%), and 34(58.84%) respectively. We divided the patients into two groups and compared, the terminal HCC patients with class C as group I and those with class A & B as group 2. The median time from hospice referral to death was significantly short in group 1 with 15.5 days compared to group 2 with 53 days. Statistically more prevalent symptoms in group I were ascites, dyspnea, peripheral edema, and hepatic encephalopathy with abnormal laboratory findings (jaundice, hypoalbuminemia, or renal insufficiency). There, however, was no significant difference in complications and managements during admission between group 1 and 2. Conclusion: Most terminal HCC patients were often accompanied with chronic liver disease. The length of hospice and palliative care for above patients was not enough to attend them. Therefore, we suggest that proper education and information should be provided to physicians, patients, and their family members for effective hospice and palliative care.

• 약학회지
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.142-149
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• 2010

Development of alternative testing methods for the replacement of hazardous reagents with less hazardous ones is strongly enforced because exposure of human and environment to hazardous reagents are restricted and hazardous reagents are gradually prohibited from using in various testing methods. Thus, in this study, we developed 8 monographs from the Korean Pharmaceutical Codex by substituting the use of the hazardous reagents including ICH class 1 such as benzene, chloroform and dioxane to the use of less toxic ones like ICH class 2 or 3 reagents. We also improved their qualification and quantification performance. Among 8 monographs, the 6 newly developed TLC methods for the identification of nifedipine, oxolamine citrate, ketoprofen lysinate, chlorquinaldol, retinol acetate, and riboflavin showed a clear spot of corresponding material without any interference in spite of the replacement with ICH class 2 or 3 reagents. For the quantification of domperidone and trimebutine, HPLC methods were developed for the substitution of UV/VIS spectrometry and titrimetry, respectively. These HPLC methods were validated for the linearity, recovery, reproducibility, and inter-laboratory variations. In conclusion, the newly developed methods could be expected to become valuable tools for revising the Korean Pharmaceutical Codex.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.80-85
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• 2024

Background: This study aimed to compare and evaluate the marginal fit of nanocomposite computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) inlays. Three types of nanocomposite CAD/CAM blocks (HASEM, VITA Enamic, and Lava Ultimate) were used as materials. Methods: Class II disto-occlusal inlay restorations were prepared on a typodont mandibular right first molar using diamond rotary instruments. The inlays were fabricated using CAD/CAM technology and evaluated using the silicone replica technique to measure marginal gaps at five locations on each inlay. The data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests (α=0.05). Results: There were no significant differences in the marginal gaps based on the type of nanocomposite CAD/CAM inlay used (p=0.209). However, there was a significant difference in the marginal gaps between the measurement regions. The gingival region consistently exhibited a larger marginal gap than the axial and occlusal regions (p<0.001). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the measurement location significantly influenced the marginal fit of class II disto-occlusal inlay restorations. However, there were no significant differences in the marginal gaps among the different types of CAD/CAM blocks. Furthermore, the overall mean marginal fits of the class II disto-occlusal inlay restorations made with the three types of nanocomposite CAD/CAM blocks were within the clinically acceptable range.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.423-431
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• 2006

Among 53 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates collected in 2004, nine imipenem-resistant isolates were obtained from clinical specimens taken from patients hospitalized in Busan, Korea. Nine carbapenemase-producing isolates were further investigated in order to determine the mechanisms underlying resistance. These isolates were then analyzed via antibiotic susceptibility testing, microbiological tests of carbapenemase activity, pI determination, transconjugation test, enterobacterial repetitive consensus (ERIC)-PCR, and DNA sequencing. One outbreak involved seven cases of infection by A. baumannii producing OXA-23 ${\beta}-lactamase$, and was found to have been caused by a single ERIC-PCR clone. During the study period, the other outbreak involved two cases of infection by A. baumannii producing IMP-1 ${\beta}-lactamase$. The two clones, one from each of the outbreaks, were characterized via a modified cloverleaf synergy test and an EDTA-disk synergy test. The isoelectric focusing of the crude bacterial extracts detected nitrocefin-positive bands with pI values of 6.65 (OXA-23) and 9.0 (IMP-1). The PCR amplification and characterization of the amplicons via direct sequencing showed that the clonal isolates harbored $bla_{IMP-1}$ or $bla_{oxA-23}$ determinants. The two clones were characterized by a multidrug resistance phenotype that remained unaltered throughout the outbreak. This resistance encompassed penicillins, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, and aminoglycosides. These results appear to show that the imipenem resistance observed among nine Korean A. baumannii isolates could be attributed to the spread of an IMP-lor OXA-23-producing clone. Our microbiological test of carbapenemase activity is a simple method for the screening of clinical isolates producing class D carbapenemase and/or class B $metallo-{\beta}-lactamase$, in order both to determine their clinical impact and to prevent further spread.

• 대한지구과학교육학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2020

본 연구는 2019년도에 적용 2년차를 맞이한 고등학교 과학과 공통과목인 통합과학과 과학탐구실험의 2차 년도 적용 현황을 분석하고 이를 토대로 향후 과학과 고등학교 교육과정 개발을 위한 제언을 도출하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 총244개의 과학중점고와 일반고를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시한 결과를 2018년도 1차 년도 조사결과와 양적으로 비교하였다. 또한 초점집단을 구성하는 9명의 과학교사들과 심층면담을 실시하여 2차 년도 적용현황에 대한 심층 답변을 논의하였다. 연구결과에 따르면, 1차 년도와 마찬가지로 적용 2년차에도 통합과학은 대부분 6~8단위로 운영하고 있었으며, 학급당 통합과학을 담당하는 교사는 3~4명이 대부분인 것으로 나타났다. 교사 초점집단 면담에서 현장교사들은 통합과학이 통합적 지도를 필요로 하며 학생의 흥미와 관심 유발에도 좋지만, 평가공정성 확보 등의 문제로 과정중심 평가 등을 구현하기는 어렵다고 주장하였다. 과학탐구실험의 경우 대부분 학기당 1단위로 2개 학기로 운영하고 있었으며, 가르치는 사람이 달라서 통합과학과 과학탐구실험을 거의 연계하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 2019년도부터 과학탐구실험의 학교생활기록 기재 방식이 절대평가로 변경되어서 상대평가로 성적산출을 하지 않아도 되므로 학생들의 만족도나 수업의 흐름이 기대한 것보다 훨씬 좋고, 부담없이 가르칠 수 있다고 교사들은 말하였다. 연구결과를 토대로 과학과 공통과목인 통합과학과 과학탐구실험 교육과정 안착을 위한 지원방안, 차기 과학과 교육과정 개정에서 통합과학과 과학탐구실험 과목의 개선 방안 등을 제안하였다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.158-166
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• 2006

In many organisms, trehalose acts as protective metabolite against harsh environmental stresses, such as freezing, drought, nutrient starvation, heat and salt. Herein a cDNA (designated as GbTPS, GenBank Accession Number AY884150) encoding a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase homologue was isolated and characterized from the living fossil plant, Ginkgo biloba, which is highly tolerant to drought and cold. GbTPS encoded an 868-amino-acid polypeptide with a predicted isoelectric point of 5.83 and molecular mass of 97.9 kD. Amino acid sequence alignment revealed that GbTPS shared high identity with class II trehalose-6-phosphate synthase homologues (67% identical to AtTPS7), but had only 17% and 23% of identity with OstA from Escherichia coli and ScTPS1 from S. cerevisiae, respectively. DNA gel blot analysis indicated that GbTPS belonged to a small multi-gene family. The expression analysis by RT-PCR showed that GbTPS expressed in a tissue-specific manner in G biloba and might involve in leaf development. GbTPS was also found to be induced by a variety of stresses including cold, salt, drought and mannitol.

• Journal of Information Display
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2008

A novel class of conjugated dendritic molecules bearing N-hexyl-substituted carbazoles as peripheral groups and various conjugative aromatic cores was synthesized through Heck coupling and the Horner-Emmons reaction. A multilayered structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS (30 nm)/emitting material (50 nm)/BCP (10 nm)/$Alq_3$ (10 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm) was employed to evaluate the synthesized dendritic materials. The electroluminescence spectrum of the multilayered device made of 3Cz predominantly exhibited blue emissions. Similar emissions were observed in the PL spectra of it's the device's thin film. The multilayered devices made of 3Cz, 3BCz, and 4BCz showed luminance values of 6,250 cd $m^{-2}$ at 24 V, 3,000 cd $m^{-2}$ at 25 V, and 1,970 cd $m^{-2}$ at 36 V, respectively. The smallest molecule, 3Cz, which bore three carbazole peripheral groups, exhibited a blue-like emission with CIE 1931 chromaticity coordinates of x = 0.17 and y = 0.21.