• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.607-611
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• 2008

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the synthesis of several inflammatory cytokine, chemokine, NO and inflammation in the liver of rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb and Oriental herbs mixture extract (HCTM) against the hepatotoxicity-inducing LPS in the lipid metabolism. HCTM of 100 mg/kg concentration was intra-peritoneally administered into rats at dose of 1.5 ml/kg for 20 days. On the day 21, 1.5 ml/kg of LPS was injected 4 hours before anesthetization. The levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), total lipid, triglyceride (TG) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured in serum. LPS-treatment markedly increased the levels of GOT, GPT, total lipid and TG, and decreased the level of HDL-C. However, HCTM pretreatment decreased the levels of GOT, GPT, total lipid and TG by 76.8%, 55.48%, 34.04% and 76.21% respectively, and increased the level of HDL-C by 97.84%. These results showed that HCTM had the protective effect against the hepatotoxicity-inducing LPS in the lipid metabolism, and it suggest that HCTM could be used for functional beverage.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.348-354
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• 2020

Oryeong-san (ORS) is a traditional Korean herbal medicine widely used for renal associated diseases, composed of five medicine herbs; Atractylodes japonica Koidzumi, Cinnamomum cassia Presl, Polyporus umbellatus Fries, Poria cocos Wolf and Alisma orientale Juzepzuk. We studied to improve the convenience of intake and portability by developing modernized dosage forms, and examined the effect on anti-inflammation of ORS. In order to develop the tablet formulation of ORS (ORS-F), the tablets were evaluated on the basis of physical characteristics include diameter, thickness, weight variation, hardness, friability and disintegration. To analyze the marker components of ORS-F, eight index markers from five herbal medicines were chosen. And the method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detector method was established for the simultaneous analysis. The biological activities were examined the effect of ORS-F on pro-inflammation mediated by LPS-stimulation. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines were determined by reacting cultured medium with griess reagent and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were investigated by Western blot and RT-PCR. The anti-oxidant activities of OJS-F increased markedly, in a dose-dependent manner. and, The total phenolic compound and flavonoids contents of OJS-F were 10.20±0.09 ㎍/㎎ and 12.86±0.86 ㎍/㎎. OJS-F which is LPS has diminished in the LPS-induced release of inflammatory mediators (NO, iNOS, COX2 and PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) from the RAW264.7 macrophages. Therefore, the developed formulation for tablet of ORS-F provide efficiency and usability, and indicated effect of anti-inflammation.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.1048-1060
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• 2008

Cirsii Japonici Herba(CJ) is a wild perennial herb found in many areas of Korea as well as China and Japan, which has been used to treat bleeding and inflammation. Silibinin is the main flavonoid extracted from milk thistle (Cirsii Japonici Herba). It exhibits potent antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, the effect of CJ and silibinin extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation was investigated using MTS assay, RT-PCR, western blot, and nitric oxide detection on mouse BV2 microglial cell lines. In the present results, CJ and silibinin extract suppressed nitric oxide production by inhibiting the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated enhancement of COX-2 and iNOS gene expression in BV2 cells. Moreover, CJ and silibinin also repressed some lipopolysaccharide-induced signaling molecules. Importantly, catalase-induced COX-2 and iNOS expression needed activations of $NF-{\kappa}B$, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK, which were important for the transcriptional up-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS. CJ and silibinin interaction on BV2 cells down-regulated $NF-{\kappa}B$-dependent proinflammatory cytokine (IL-2,IL-6) expression. They are involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. These data shows that CJ and silibinin exerts anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, probably by suppression of COX-2 and iNOS synthase expression in BV2 microglial cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.136-140
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• 2006

In this study, we investigated the synergistic effects of Staphylococcus aureus extracts (membranes and walls) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in the pathogenesis of silica-induced inflammation. The synergistic induction of TNF by silica particles $(<20\;{\mu}m)$ in combination with either S. aureus extracts or LPS was examined in J774A.1 cell cultures. Media from the treated and untreated cell cultures were assayed for TNF, using the mouse WEHI 164 cell cytotoxicity assay and enzyme immunoassay. Cells exposed simultaneously to silica and $0.5\;{\mu}g/ml$ S. aureus extracts (or 0.5 ng/ml of LPS) produced a significantly higher level of TNF than those produced by the inducer alone. Our results indicate that device-associated infections (or pyrogen contamination) could enhance inflammatory responses, because of particles produced by the wear of medical implants or particulate biomaterials used for clinical purposes.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.125-138
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• 2010

Objective : The present study was examined to evaluate the effects of Ecliptae Herba on the production of inflammatory mediators in vivo and in vitro. Methods : In cell viability, all three doses of Ecliptae Herba extract (25, 50 and $100\;{\mu}g/ml$) had no significant cytotoxicity during the experimental period. The increases of NO production and iNOS expression were detected in LPS-activated cells compared to control, but these increases were dose-dependently attenuated by pre-treatment with Ecliptae Herba extract. Results : 1. LPS plays a pivotal roles in inducing to the massive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in macrophages. 2. Ecliptae Herba extract reduced the elevated production of cytokines by LPS. 3. Ecliptae Herba extract reduced $PGE_2$ levels in a dose-dependent manner as a consequence of inhibition of COX-2 activity. 4. Ecliptae Herba extract significantly reduced the nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ induced by LPS. 5. In histopathological study, Ecliptae Herba effectively inhibited the increases of hind paw edema, skin thicknesses and inflammatory cell infiltrations induced by carrageenan treatment. Conclusions : These results provide evidences that therapeutic effect of Ecliptae Herba on the acute inflammation is partly due to the reduction of some of inflammatory factors by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 through the suppression of $NF-{\kappa}B$.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.159-164
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• 2004

Primary pro-inflammatory cytokines are a trio: tumor necrosis- $\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$), interleukine-$\beta$ (IL-$\beta$), and interleukine-6 (IL-6). These cytokines initiate and regulate the acute-phase inflammatory response during infection, trauma, or stress and appear to play an important role in the immune process. Nitric oxide (NO) is a multi-functional mediator, which plays an important role in regulating various biological functions in vivo. NO production by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in macrophages is essential for the defense mechanisms against microorganisms and tumor cells. However, over-expression of iNOS by various stimuli, resulting in over-production of NO, contributes to the pathogenesis of septic shock and some inflammatory and auto-immune disease. Solvent fractions of sage ( Salvia officinalis L.), which is cultivated in Jeju-Do, was assayed for their effects on TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Hexane and ethylacetate (EtOAc) fraction of sage inhibited the protein and mRNA expression of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells at the concentration of 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$. Also, incubation of RAW 264.7 cells with the fraction of hexane or EtOAc (50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$) inhibited the LPS induced nitrite accumulation and the LPS/IFN-${\gamma}$ induced iNOS protein. And this inhibition of iNOS protein is concordant with the inhibition of iNOS mRNA expression. Above results suggest that extract of sage may have anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-$\alpha$, IL-1$\beta$, IL-6), iNOS and NO.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.251-258
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Several pharmacological properties of red rice extract have been reported including anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, and reduced cancer cell invasion. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of red rice extract on the production of inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Raw 264.7 macrophages. MATERIALS/METHODS: Pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and interleukin-6 were determined by ELISA and cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression was evaluated using western blot analysis. In addition, the signaling pathway controlling the inflammatory cascade such as nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$), activator proteins-1 (AP-1), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was determined. RESULTS: Our results showed that red rice polar extract fraction (RR-P), but not non-polar extract fraction, inhibited interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, and nitric oxide production in LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cells. RR-P also reduced the expression of inflammatory enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, activation of AP-1 and $NF-{\kappa}B$ transcription factor in the nucleus was abrogated by RR-P. RR-P inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signaling-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK signaling responsible for the expression of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Based on chemical analysis, high amounts of proanthocyanidin and catechins were detected in the RR-P fraction. However, only proanthocyanidin reduced $NF-{\kappa}B$ and AP-1 activation in LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells. CONCLUSION: These observations suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of RR-P may stem from the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators via suppression of the AP-1, $NF-{\kappa}B$, and MAPKs pathways.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1063-1070
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• 2009

Dangyuja (Citrus grandis Osbeck) is a native plant growing only on Jeju Island in Korea. In this study, antiinflammatory effect of dangyuja leaves on a murine macrophage cell line was investigated. RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, $1{\mu}g/mL$) to induce expression of pro-inflammatory markers [interleukin (IL)-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)]. The crude extract (80% MeOH Ex.) and solvent fractions (hexane, $CHCl_3$, EtOAc, BuOH, and $H_2O$ Ex.) were obtained from dangyuja leaves. The $CHCl_3$ fraction inhibited the nitric oxide (NO) and IL-6 production in a dose-dependent manner. Also, the $CHCl_3$ fraction inhibited mRNA expression and protein levels of iNOS in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the $CHCl_3$ fraction inhibited LPS-induced nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ activation and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs: ERK, JNK, and p38). These results suggest that dangyuja leaves may inhibit LPS-induced production of inflammatory markers by blocking NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPKs signaling in RAW 264.7 cells.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.14-25
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate inhibitory effect on the maturation of dendritic cells from aqueous extract from Nardostachys Jatamansi(NJ). Methods: I examined the phenotypic maturation(class II MHC, CD40, CD86), expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine(TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6, IL-12) and endocytosis of FITC-Dextran in the LPS-induced bone marrow-derived dendritic cells(BMDCs) of mice. Furthermore, the Western-blot analysis reveals the mechanism of inhibitory effect. Results: 1. The NJ extract inhibited the phenotypic maturation of BMDCs in a dose-dependent manner. 2. The NJ extract inhibited the LPS induced cytokine production of BMDCs in a dose-dependent manner. 3. The NJ extract enhanced the endocytosis of Dex-FITC in LPS treated DC. 4. The NJ extract inhibited the activation of JNK and p38 phosphorylation, but not ERK phosphorylation of MAPK family and doesn't inhibit Ik-Ba degradation in LPS-stimulated BMDCs. Conclusion: These results suggest that NJ extract is able to attenuate the inflammation and maturation in BMDCs and may inhibit proliferation of T cells. In conclusion, this experiment suggests that NJ extract may be useful in hypersensitivity disease including autoimmune disease.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1299-1304
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• 2009

We have previously shown that water extract of deer antler (WEDA) inhibited RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow macrophages by suppressing c-Fos and NFATc1 expression. Thus, we examined the effect of WEDA in inflammation-induced bone loss in vivo. Here we found that WEDA inhibited osteoblast-supported osteoclast differentiation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, WEDA did not suppress the expression of receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL) in response to LPS in osteoblasts. WEDA also inhibited the bone resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts. To examine the effect of WEDA on bone loss, when LPS injected subcutaneously in mice, bone loss was greatly increased, but WEDA treatment inhibited LPS-mediated bone loss. Taken together, we conclude that WEDA inhibited osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. Thus WEDA may be useful in the treatment of bone-related disorders.