• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.12
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• pp.1923-1926
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of extraction conditions on tricin and tricin 4'-O-(threo-${\beta}$-guaiacylglyceryl) ether (TTGE) extracted from rice hull (Oryza sativa L.). Extraction conditions were an ethanol concentration of extraction solvent of 50~90%, extraction time of 0.5~48 h, and ultrasonic-assisted and agitated extraction as extraction methods. The total tricin and TTGE contents of rice hull were $82.20{\mu}g/g$ and $53.12{\mu}g/g$, respectively. Recovery of tricin and TTGE increased to 76.11% and 71.42% with increasing ethanol concentration until 70% and then decreased above 80%, respectively. In ultrasonic-assisted extraction, highest recovery of tricin was 83.30% after 2 h of extraction and TTGE was 71.80% after 1 h of extraction. In agitated extraction, highest recovery of tricin was 92.34% after 48 h and TTGE was 76.89% after 24 h of extraction. Therefore, optimum extraction conditions for tricin and TTGE of rice hull were 70% ethanol concentration and ultrasonic-assisted extraction for 1 h.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.1598-1604
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• 2001

Eight $12.4{\pm}0.6kg$ initial body weight crossbred barrows were used to determine the effect of soybean galactooligosaccharides on nutrient and energy digestibility, and digesta transit time. Four dietary treatments were utilized in this trial. Treatment one was a corn-soybean meal based diet (SBM) containing raffinose and stachyose at the levels of 0.16% and 0.75%, respectively. Treatment two (control) was a corn-HP300 (soybean concentrate protein) diet. In treatments three and four, 1.1% and 2.2% commercial stachyose was added to the control diet to provide total dietary stachyose at the levels of 1% and 2%, respectively. The soybean galactooligosaccharides (raffinose + stachyose) level in treatment one was slightly lower compared to that in treatment three. Three collection periods were run with two pigs for each treatment/period. There was a 4 d adjustment period followed by a 3 d collection period. The results showed that the nitrogen retention (86.79%) of pigs fed treatment two diet was higher than that of pigs fed treatment one by 5.2% (p<0.05). The nitrogen retention of treatment three was intermediate 83.09%. The apparent fecal digestibility of all amino acids in treatment two was numerically highest, followed by treatments three and four. However, there were no significant difference among groups (p>0.05). The dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and crude fiber (CF) digestibility numerically decreased as the soybean galactooligosaccharides level increased, but were not significantly different (p>0.05). Chromium content in feces (from the inclusion of 0.3% chromic oxide in the diets) differed among treatments (p<0.05) at 15 h, 18 h, and 21 h after eating. This showed that the digesta transit time was differed significantly among treatments. Treatment four was the shortest, followed by treatment three, SBM and control. The results demonstrated that in the absence of antinutritional factors and soybean antigen protein, inclusion of 1% and 2% stachyose in corn-HP300 diet has no significant effect on the digestibility of DM, OM, CP, CF and amino acids. When the soybean galactooligosaccharide level in diet one and diet three were adjusted to be almost the same, antinutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitor and soybean antigen protein could decrease the nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention rate of diet. High levels of soybean galactooligosaccharides shortened the digesta transit time in the intestinal tract. This trial suggested that the total level of soybean galactooligosaccharides (stachyose+raffinose) in the weanling piglet diet is better not to exceed 1% when common soybean meal is used as main protein source.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.763-770
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• 2015

Improved meat quality and greater muscle yield are highly sought after in high-quality chicken breeding programs. Past studies indicated that polymorphisms of the Perilipin gene (PLIN1) are highly associated with adiposity in mammals and are potential molecular markers for improving meat quality and carcass traits in chickens. In the present study, we screened single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in all exons of the PLIN1 gene with a direct sequencing method in six populations with different genetic backgrounds (total 240 individuals). We evaluated the association between the polymorphisms and carcass and meat quality traits. We identified three SNPs, located on the 5' flanking region and exon 1 of PLIN1 on chromosome 10 (rs315831750, rs313726543, and rs80724063, respectively). Eight main haplotypes were constructed based on these SNPs. We calculated the allelic and genotypic frequencies, and genetic diversity parameters of the three SNPs. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.2768 to 0.3750, which reflected an intermediate genetic diversity for all chickens. The CC, CT, and TT genotypes influenced the percentage of breast muscle (PBM), percentage of leg muscle (PLM) and percentage of abdominal fat at rs315831750 (p<0.05). Diplotypes (haplotype pairs) affected the percentage of eviscerated weight (PEW) and PBM (p<0.05). Compared with chickens carrying other diplotypes, H3H7 had the greatest PEW and H2H2 had the greatest PBM, and those with diplotype H7H7 had the smallest PEW and PBM. We conclude that PLIN1 gene polymorphisms may affect broiler carcass and breast muscle yields, and diplotypes H3H7 and H2H2 could be positive molecular markers to enhance PEW and PBM in chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.847-854
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of graded inclusions of wheat bran (0%, 9.65%, 48.25% wheat bran) and two growth stages (from 32.5 to 47.2 kg and 59.4 to 78.7 kg, respectively) on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and hindgut fermentation of nutrients and energy in growing pigs. Six light pigs (initial body weight [BW] $32.5{\pm}2.1kg$) and six heavy pigs (initial BW $59.4{\pm}3.2kg$) were surgically prepared with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. A difference method was used to calculate the nutrient and energy digestibility of wheat bran by means of comparison with a basal diet consisting of corn-soybean meal (0% wheat bran). Two additional diets were formulated by replacing 9.65% and 48.25% wheat bran by the basal diet, respectively. Each group of pigs was allotted to a $6{\times}3$ Youden square design, and pigs were fed to three experimental diets during three 11-d periods. Hindgut fermentation values were calculated as the differences between ATTD and AID values. For the wheat bran diets, the AID and ATTD of dry matter (DM), ash, organic matter (OM), carbohydrates (CHO), gross energy (GE), and digestible energy (DE) decreased with increasing inclusion levels of wheat bran (p<0.05). While only AID of CHO and ATTD of DM, ash, OM, CHO, GE, and DE content differed (p<0.05) when considering the BW effect. For the wheat bran ingredient, there was a wider variation effect (p<0.01) on the nutrient and energy digestibility of wheat bran in 9.65% inclusion level due to the coefficient of variation (CV) of the nutrient and energy digestibility being higher at 9.65% compared to 48.25% inclusion level of wheat bran. Digestible energy content of wheat bran at 48.25% inclusion level (4.8 and 6.7 MJ/kg of DM, respectively) fermented by hindgut was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that in 9.65% wheat bran inclusion level (2.56 and 2.12 MJ/kg of DM, respectively), which was also affected (p<0.05) by two growth stages. This increase in hindgut fermentation caused the difference in ileal DE (p<0.05) to disappear at total tract level. All in all, increasing wheat bran levels in diets negatively influences the digestibility of some nutrients in pigs, while it positively affects the DE fermentation in the hindgut.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.116-122
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was to evaluate the effect of different inclusion levels and adaptation periods on digestible energy (DE) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of chemical constituents in diets supplemented with wheat bran. Methods: Thirty-six crossbred barrows with an initial body weight of $85.0{\pm}2.1kg$ were allotted to 6 diets in a completely randomized block design with 6 pigs per diet. Diets included a cornsoybean basal diet and 5 additional diets which were formulated by replacing corn and soybean meal in control diet with 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, or 55% wheat bran. The experiment lasted for 34 d, and feces were collected from d 8 to 13, 15 to 20, 22 to 27, and 29 to 34 respectively. Results: The results showed no interaction effects between inclusion level and adaptation period on the concentration of DE and the ATTD of gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) in wheat bran. The DE value and ATTD of GE in wheat bran decreased (p<0.05) significantly as the inclusion level of wheat bran increased, but no difference in the ATTD of CP was observed. The ATTD of CP in wheat bran increased (p<0.10) significantly as the adaptation period for pigs was prolonged. In addition, the concentration of DE and the ATTD of GE in wheat bran decreased linearly (p<0.05) when pigs were fed either an increased level of wheat bran or given an increased adaptation period to the diets. Conclusion: Wheat bran showed a negative effect on the concentration of DE and ATTD of GE and CP as the inclusion level increased. A longer adaptation period can gradually increase the DE value and ATTD of GE and CP in wheat bran, and at least 14 to 21 d of adaptation might be recommended for growing-finishing pigs fed the high-fiber diets with wheat bran.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.255-260
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• 2006

Culture conditions for high frequency plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from embryogenic cell suspension cultures of Hovenia dulcis are described. Germinated somatic embryos were selected for induction of secondary embryogenesis. Friable embryogenic cells were induced directly from somatic embryos when transfer to 1/3 MS solid or liquid medium lacking plant growth regulators. The temperature strongly effected on induction of secondary embryognesis than other conditions in culture. All somatic embryos produced friable embryogenic cell clumps within 10 days when germinated somatic embryos cultured in 1/3 MS medium at $30^{\circ}C$ in suspension culture. No somatic embryos formed from embryogenic cell suspension cultures at $18^{\circ}C$. Numerous somatic embryos were induced and subsequently developed uniformly into germination stage from suspended cell clumps after 4 weeks of culture on $18^{\circ}C$. Plantlets conversion were observed on $18^{\circ}C$ when germinated somatic embryos were transferred to 1/3 MS solid medium without plant growth regulators or supplemented with 0.1-0.5 mg/l benzyladenine.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.265-265
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• 2012

The adsorption of molecular $NH_3$ on rutile $TiO_2(110)-1{\times}1$ surfaces was investigated using a temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) technique combined with a molecular beam apparatus. A quantitative investigation into the TPD spectra of $NH_3$ was made for $NH_3$ adsorbed on two kinds of rutile $TiO_2(110)-1{\times}1$ surfaces with the oxygen vacancy ($V_O$) concentration of ~0% (p-$TiO_2(110)$) and ~5% (r-$TiO_2(110)$), respectively. On both surfaces, non-dissociative adsorption of $NH_3$ was inferred from a quantitative analysis on the amount of adsorbed $NH_3$ and those desorbed. With increasing coverage, the monolayer desorption feature shifted from 400 K toward lower temperatures until it saturates at 160 K, suggesting a repulsive nature in the interaction between $NH_3$ molecules. At the very low coverage regime, the desorption features were found to extend up to 430 K and 400 K on p-$TiO_2(110)$ and p-TiO(110), respectively. As a result, the saturation coverage of monolayer of $NH_3$ was higher on the p-$TiO_2(110)$ surface than on the p-TiO(110) by about 10%. The desorption energy ($E_d$) of $NH_3$ obtained by inversion of the Polanyi-Wigner equation indicated that the difference between the $E_d$'s of $NH_3$ (that is, $E_d(on\;p-TiO_2(110)$) - $E_d$(on p-TiO(110)) was 14 kJ/mol at ${\theta}(NH_3)=0$ and decreased to 0 as the coverage approached to a monolayer. The observed adsorption behavior of $NH_3$ was interpreted using an interaction model between $NH_3$ and surface defects on $TiO_2$ such as VO's and $Ti^{3+}$ interstitials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.341-353
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate dietary patterns and assimilation of dietary culture of Korean descendants in Yanbian, China compared to Korean. A dietary survey was conducted using one 24-hour recall method from 730 adults over 30 years of age in Yanbian, China and 695 adults over 25 years of age in Kuri, Korea. The average number of food items consumed per day was 14 in Yanbian and 20 in Kuri and there was a significant difference between the two regions(p<0.001). The foods consumed most frequently were rice, salt, the M.S.G. in Yanbian and rice, green onion and garlic in Kuri. The foods consumed most by amount were rice, cucumber, Soju in Yanbian and rice, Kimchi and grape in Kuri. The average number of dishes consumed per day was 6.4 in Yanbian, 9.4 in Kuri and the difference between the two regions was significant(p<0.001). Total number of dishes appeared in the survey was 253 in Yanbian and 494 in Kuri. The dishes consumed most frequently were cooked-rice, beverages, Kimchi, stir-fried eggplant in Yanbian and cooked-rice, Kimchi, coffee, soybean paste stew, in Kuri. The dish groups appeared most frequently were rice, stir-fried foods, vegetables and Kimchi in Yanbian and rice, Kimchi, beverages and fruits in Kuri. Male subjects in Yanbian Consumed alcohol frequently while adults in Kuri consumed coffee more frequently than Yanbian. The major meal patterns were rice+side dish, rice+soup, rice+side dish+Kimchi in Yanbian and rice+soup+side dish+Kimchi, rice+side dish+Kimchi, rice+soup+Kimchi in Kuri. Stir-fried foods, which were consumed 46.6% of all the meals, were dominant side dish in Yanbian, but stir-fried food, seasoned vegetables and grilled food appeared aver 10% in Kuri. There results show that variety of diet of Korean-Chinese in Yanbian was lower than Kuri. Korean-Chinese tend to keep traditional Korean dietary patterns of consuming rice as staple but were adapted to Chinese dietary patterns of consuming stir-fried side dishes. Efforts should be directed toward preserving Korean traditional patterns of dietary culture among Korean-Chinese population.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.490-496
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• 2002

In order to detect the DNA heteropolymorphism of chum salmon, selected essential genes were examined in different regional chum salmons, i.e., Korean, Japanese and American by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and real time PCR methods. From the promoter regions and introns of growth hormone, mtDNA NDI region, D-loop region, IGF-I, histone H3 and MCH2 several representative primer pairs were obtained and employed for the DGGE with the PCR products from the genomic DNAs of the different regional chum salmons. mtDNA NDI, D-loop region and IGE-I genes showed marked heteropolymorphism between Korean and American chum salmons. Intron C of growth hormone also showed a heteropolymorphism between Korean and Japanese chum salmons. Whereas heteropolnnorphism of histone liH and MCH2 genes was detected among in Korean, Japanese and Asnerican chum salmons in the examined region. The real time PCR disclosed the characteristic incremental production of target DNAs dependent on the heteropolymorphic conditions of genomic DNAa of chum salmons, thus the different regional chum salmons could be grouped by the variable incremental curies. Although the DGGE and real time PCR did not produce the identical results in this study, we suggest that the DGGE and real time PCR could be used for the primary screening of the DNA heteropolymorphism of different animal genome.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1238-1243
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• 2018

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding level on nutrient digestibility and enteric methane ($CH_4$) emissions in growing goats and Sika deer. Methods: Three growing male goats (initial body weight [BW] of $22.4{\pm}0.9kg$) and three growing male deer (initial BW of $20.2{\pm}4.8kg$) were each allotted to a respiration-metabolism chamber for an adaptation period of 7 d and a data collection period of 3 d. An experimental diet was offered to each animal at one of three feeding levels (1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% of BW) in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. The chambers were used for measuring enteric $CH_4$ emission. Results: Nutrient digestibility decreased linearly in goats as feeding level increased, whereas Sika deer digestibility was not affected by feeding level. The enteric production of $CH_4$ expressed as g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), g/kg organic matter intake, and % of gross energy intake decreased linearly with increased feeding level in goats; however, that of Sika deer was not affected by feeding level. Six equations were estimated for predicting the enteric $CH_4$ emission from goats and Sika deer. For goat, equation 1 was found to be of the highest accuracy: $CH_4(g/d)=6.2({\pm}14.1)+10.2({\pm}7.01){\times}DMI(kg/d)+0.0048({\pm}0.0275){\times}dry$ matter digestibility (DMD, g/kg)-0.0070 (${\pm}0.0187$)${\times}$neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD; g/kg). For Sika deer, equation 4 was found to be of the highest accuracy: $CH_4(g/d)=-13.0({\pm}30.8)+29.4({\pm}3.93){\times}DMI(kg/d)+0.046(0.094){\times}DMD(g/kg)-0.0363({\pm}0.0636){\times}NDFD(g/kg)$. Conclusion: Increasing the feeding level increased $CH_4$ production in both goats and Sika deer, and predictive models of enteric $CH_4$ production by goats and Sika deer were estimated.