• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.712-716
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• 2009

오미자 메탄올 추출물의 항산화 특성 및 $H_2O_2$로 유도된 신경세포 독성에 대한 보호효과를 조사하였다. ABTS radical 소거 및 FRAP방법을 이용하여 오미자 메탄올 추출물의 항산화 활성을 측정한 결과 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 항산화 활성이 증가하는 농도의존적인 경향을 보였다. $H_2O_2$로 유도된 PC12 신경세포에 대한 보호효과를 측정한 결과 모든 시료에서 72-99% 정도의 신경세포 보호효과를 보였고, LDH release assay 결과 0.5 mg/mL 농도에서 47% 정도의 LDH 방출량 저해효과를 나타냈으며, neutral red uptake assay 결과 모든 농도에서 vitmain C에 비해 높은 생존율을 보였다. 본 연구 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 오미자 메탄올 추출물의 항산화력과 산화적 스트레스로부터 신경세포의 뛰어난 보호효과는 알츠하이머성 신경질환의 예방 및 치료제로서의 활용 가능성이 높다고 판단된다.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2006

이 연구에서는 원자력발전소 주변 환경 방사선이 생태에 미치는 영향을 감시할 수 있는 생물학적 지표로서 야생 등줄쥐의 활용 가능성을 평가하였다. 국내 5지 역을 선정하여 10월에 한정하여 등줄쥐를 채집하였는데, 농경지에서 산중턱에 이르기까지 폭 넓게 서식하였다. 채집한 쥐들에 대하여 황갈색 피모와 검은색 등줄무늬를 관찰하였는데, 외부형태 특성 가운데 몸통의 길이, 꼬리의 길, 귀의 길이를 계측한 결과, 등줄쥐의 분류기준과 일치하였다. 아울러, 간장내 효소형을 분석한 결과 국내에 서식하는 대부분의 등줄쥐가 Apodemus agrarius라는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 야외에서 생포한 등줄쥐를 암수 한 마리씩 동거시키고 생산된 새끼가 5주령에 도달하였을때 방사선을 조사하고, ICR 마우스를 비교로 생존율과 적혈구내 미소핵 출현빈도를 분석한 결과, 반치사 선량$(LD_{50/30})$은 5와 7.9Gy였다. 이 연구결과로 야생 등줄쥐가 원자력 발전소 주변 수준의 방사선이 인간생환에 미치는 영향을 판단할 수 있는 생물학적 인 지표로서 잠재적 활용성이 높다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.392-402
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• 2017

Background: Previously, we reported that Korean Red Ginseng inhibited liver fibrosis in mice and reduced the expressions of fibrogenic genes in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The present study was undertaken to identify the major ginsenoside responsible for reducing the numbers of HSCs and the underlying mechanism involved. Methods: Using LX-2 cells (a human immortalized HSC line) and primary activated HSCs, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assays were conducted to examine the cytotoxic effects of ginsenosides. $H_2O_2$ productions, glutathione contents, lactate dehydrogenase activities, mitochondrial membrane permeabilities, apoptotic cell subpopulations, caspase-3/-7 activities, transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and immunoblot analysis were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism responsible for ginsenoside-mediated cytotoxicity. Involvement of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related signaling pathway was examined using a chemical inhibitor and small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. Results and conclusion: Of the 11 ginsenosides tested, 20S-protopanaxadiol (PPD) showed the most potent cytotoxic activity in both LX-2 cells and primary activated HSCs. Oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis induced by 20S-PPD was blocked by N-acetyl-$\text\tiny L$-cysteine pretreatment. In addition, 20S-PPD concentration-dependently increased the phosphorylation of AMPK, and compound C prevented 20S-PPD-induced cytotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, 20S-PPD increased the phosphorylation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), an upstream kinase of AMPK. Likewise, transfection of LX-2 cells with LKB1 siRNA reduced the cytotoxic effect of 20S-PPD. Thus, 20S-PPD appears to induce HSC apoptosis by activating LKB1-AMPK and to be a therapeutic candidate for the prevention or treatment of liver fibrosis.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.48-55
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• 2013

Objective: The use of nanoparticle products is expected to present a potential harmful effect on consumers. Also, the lack of information regarding inhaled nanoparticles may pose a serious problem. In this study, we addressed this issue by studying pulmonary toxicity after nasal instillation of Al-NPs in SD rats. Methods: The animals were exposed to Al-NPs at 1 mg/kg body weight (low dose), 20 mg/kg body weight (medium dose) and 40 mg/kg body weight (high dose). To determine pulmonary toxicity, bronchoalveolar lavage (ts.AnBAL) fluid analysis and histopathological examination were conducted in rats. In addition, cell viability was investigated at 24 hours after the treatment with Al-NPs. Results: BAL fluid analysis showed that total cells (TC) count and total protein (TP) concentrations increased significantly in all treatment groups, approximately two to three times. Also, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6 dose-dependently increased following nasal instillation of Al-NPs. However, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) levels showed no significant changes in a dose dependant manner in BAL fluid. In the cytotoxicity analysis, the treatment of Al-NPs significantly and dose-dependently induced cell viability loss (20 to 30%) and damage of cell membrane (5 to 10%) in rat normal lung epithelial cells (L2). Conclusions: Our results suggest that inhaled Al-NPs in the lungs may be removed quickly by alveolar macrophages with minimal inflammatory reaction, but Al-NPs have the potential to affect lung permeability. Therefore, extensive toxicity evaluations of Al-NPs are required prior to their practical application as consumer products.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.768-772
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• 2010

청국장 메탄올 추출물의 $H_2O_2$로 유도된 신경세포 독성에 대한 보호 효과를 조사하였다. 청국장 분말의 일반성분을 분석한 결과 조단백질 40.95%, 조지방 22.49%, 가용성 무질소물 15.99%, 수분 7.91%, 조회분 6.74% 및 조섬유 5.92% 순으로 나타났으며, 총 페놀성 화합물 함량은 28.43 mg/g이었다. $H_2O_2$로 유발된 산화적 손상에 의한 ROS 축적량을 조사한 결과 $H_2O_2$ 단독 처리구보다 청국장 메탄올 추출물 처리구에서 낮은 ROS 축적량을 보였다. $H_2O_2$로 유도된 PC12 신경세포에 대한 보호효과를 MTT 방법을 이용하여 측정한 결과 모든 시료에서 40%정도의 신경세포 보호효과를 보였고, LDH release 실험 결과 5 mg/mL 농도에서 15%정도의 LDH 방출량 저해 효과를 나타내었다. 청국장 메탄올추출물의 아세틸콜린에스터레이스 저해활성은 농도 의존적인 경향이었다. 본 연구 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 청국장 메탄올 추출물은 산화적 스트레스로부터 신경세포 보호효과 및 아세틸콜린에 스터레이스 저해활성을 나타내어 알츠하이머성 신경질환의 예방을 위한 식품으로서의 활용 가능성이 높다고 판단된다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.45-63
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• 2019

In view of the growing industrial use of Bacterial cellulose (BC), and taking into account that it might become airborne and be inhaled after industrial processing, assessing its potential pulmonary toxic effects assumes high relevance. In this work, the murine model was used to assess the effects of exposure to respirable BC nanofibrils (nBC), obtained by disintegration of BC produced by Komagataeibacter hansenii. Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages ($BMM{\Phi}$) were treated with different doses of nBC (0.02 and 0.2 mg/mL, respectively 1 and $10{\mu}g$ of fibrils) in absence or presence of 0.2% Carboxymethyl Cellulose (nBCMC). Furthermore, mice were instilled intratracheally with nBC or nBCMC at different concentrations and at different time-points and analyzed up to 6 months after treatments. Microcrystaline $Avicel-plus^{(R)}$ CM 2159, a plant-derived cellulose, was used for comparison. Markers of cellular damage (lactate dehydrogenase release and total protein) and oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxidase, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity) as well presence of inflammatory cells were evaluated in brochoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. Histological analysis of lungs, heart and liver tissues was also performed. BAL analysis showed that exposure to nBCMC or CMC did not induce major alterations in the assessed markers of cell damage, oxidative stress or inflammatory cell numbers in BAL fluid over time, even following cumulative treatments. $Avicel-plus^{(R)}$ CM 2159 significantly increased LDH release, detected 3 months after 4 weekly administrations. However, histological results revealed a chronic inflammatory response and tissue alterations, being hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries (observed 3 months after nBCMC treatment) of particular concern. These histological alterations remained after 6 months in animals treated with nBC, possibly due to foreign body reaction and the organism's inability to remove the fibers. Overall, despite being a safe and biocompatible biomaterial, BC-derived nanofibrils inhalation may lead to lung pathology and pose significant health risks.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

Objectives : Atractylodis rhizoma Alba has been traditionally used as a medicinal resource that is used for enhancing Qi (氣) in traditional medicine in Korea, China, and Japan. This study investigated the protective effects of Atractylodis rhizoma Alba extract (ARE) against trimethyltin (TMT), a neurotoxin that causes selective hippocampal injury, using both in vitro and in vivo models. Methods : We investigated the effects of ARE on TMT- (5mM) induced cytotoxicity in primary cultures of mouse hippocampal cells (7 days in vitro ) and on hippocampal injury in C57BL/6 mice injected with TMT (2.6 mg/kg). Results : We observed that ARE treatment (0 - 50 ㎍/mL) significantly reduced TMT-induced cytotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons in a dose-dependent manner, based on results of lactate dehydrogenase and 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays. Additionally, this study showed that orally administered ARE (5 mg/kg; between -6 and 0 days before TMT injection) significantly attenuated seizures in adult mice. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of allograft inflammatory factor-1 (Iba-1)- and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)- positive cells showed significantly reduced levels of Iba-1- and GFAP-positive cell bodies in the dentate gyrus of mice treated with ARE prior to TMT injection. These findings indicate the significant protective effects of ARE against the TMT-induced massive activation of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampus. Conclusions : We conclude that ARE minimizes the detrimental effects of TMT-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity, both in vitro and in vivo . Our findings may serve as useful guidelines to support ARE administration as a promising pharmacotherapeutic approach to hippocampal degeneration.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2020

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to determine whether Rhus verniciflua Stokes with Latin name Lacca Sinica Exsiccata, and Eucommia ulmoides Oliver with Latin name Eucommiae Cortex Extract Combination (ILF-RE) improves laboratory test results in participants with liver function disorder. Methods : This study was conducted at Woosuk university Korean medicine hospital where participants with high serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels from 45 to 135 U/L were enrolled. Subjects received ILF-RE 3.6 g (1.2 g/day as ILF-RE) or placebo 3.6 g for 12 weeks. It was confirmed that urushiol was not detected in ILF-RE. The primary outcomes were the decrement degree of serum ALT and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels between two groups. The secondary outcomes were the decrement degree of serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), total bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) and fatty liver index (FLI) levels between two groups. Adverse events, skin prick tests, laboratory tests, and vital signs were observed and analyzed to confirm the safety of ILF-RE.1) Results : In the ILF-RE group, the liver function index ALT, GGT, lipid metabolism index TG, and fatty liver index FLI were significantly decreased compared to the placebo group. There was no significant difference in ILF-RE group in terms of adverse events, severe adverse events, skin prick test, laboratory test, and vital signs compared with placebo group. Conclusions : ILF-RE was found to be effective in improving liver function. In addition, no clinically significant adverse events or body changes were observed during this study.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.298-306
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• 2024

본 연구에서는 식물 추출물 혼합 분말의 근육세포 분화 및 산화적 스트레스에 대한 세포 보호 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 추출물을 최대 1,000 ㎍/mL 농도까지 세포에 처리한 결과, 세포 생존율이 감소하지 않음을 확인되었다. 식물 추출물 혼합분말이 근육세포 분화 인자에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 myogenin과 MHC의 발현 여부를 확인한 결과, 무처리군에 비해 발현이 증가함을 확인하였다. H₂O₂에 의해 유도된 산화적 스트레스에 대한 세포 보호 효과를 확인한 결과, 식물 추출물 혼합 분말 처리에 의해 H₂O₂ 단독 처리군보다 세포 생존율이 증가하였으며, LDH와 creatine kinase의 활성이 감소하였다. 또한, Bax와 Bcl-2의 발현을 조절하여 caspase-9와 -3 활성화를 억제함을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 식물 추출물 혼합 분말의 근육세포 분화 효과 및 H₂O₂에 의해 유도된 산화적 스트레스에 대한 세포 보호 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 식물 추출물 혼합 분말은 근감소증 개선을 위한 기능성 소재로써 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단되며, 향후 근감소증 개선을 위한 기능성 소재로서의 유효성 확보를 위해서 근감소증 세포 및 동물모델을 이용한 효능 및 기전 분석 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.476-481
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 간보호 활성이 우수한 것으로 알려진 단풍취의 활용가치를 높이고 향후 건강기능성식품 소재로써의 가능성을 알아보고자 LPS/D-GalN 독성유발에 따른 단풍취 열수 추출물의 간기능 개선효과를 연구하였다. 단풍취 열수 추출물 내에 존재하는 5종의 Caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) 분석결과 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4,5-DCQA) 11.16 mg/g, 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,4-DCQA) 5.23 mg/g, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) 4.88 mg/g, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA) 3.51 mg/g 및 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQA) 3.31 mg/g 순으로 나타났다. 단풍취 열수 추출물이 함유하고 있는 총 폴리페놀 함량은 74.03 mg/g이었으며, ABTS cation radical 소거능은 추출물의 농도 50, 100, 200 및 400 ㎍/mL의 범위에서 각각 12.2, 25.0, 40.8, 68.55%를 나타냈고 DPPH radical 소거능은 50 ㎍/mL의 농도에서 54.38%를 나타냈다. HepG2 세포에 LPS/D-GalN을 처리하여 간독성을 유발한 결과 정상군을 제외한 모든 처리군에서 GGT, AST 및 LDH 활성이 증가하였고, 단풍취 열수 추출물 300 mg/mL을 처리하였을 때 대조군과 비교하여 GGT, AST 및 LDH 활성이 유의적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. LPS/D-GalN을 처리하였을 때 정상군과 비교하여 모든 처리군에서 TNF-α 분비가 유의적으로 증가하는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 단풍취 열수 추출물을 100 ㎍/mL 이상 처리하였을 때 TNF-α의 분비가 유의하게 감소하였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 단풍취 열수 추출물은 항산화 활성 증가 및 GGT, AST, LDH의 활성을 감소시키고 TNF-α 분비를 억제시킴으로써 LPS/D-GalN으로 인한 간 손상을 예방하는 것으로 판단된다.