• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2010

The antioxidant activity of commercial sweet persimmon wine concentrate (SPWC) was evaluated by determining the total phenol content (TPC), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power (RP), and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities. TPC in the SPWC was $9.29{\pm}0.11\;mg$ gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g, which corresponds to 31.59 mg GAE/100 mL of the wine. The IC50 for the DPPH radical scavenging activity, RP, and ABTS radical scavenging activity of SPWC were 2.96, 1.44, and 0.48 mg/mL, respectively. The neuroprotective effect of SPWC against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in N18-RE-105 cells was investigated. Treatment of N18-RE-105 cells with various SPWC concentrations under glutamate resulted in the induction of a protective effect in a dose-dependent manner, as determined by the MTT reduction assay. These results suggest that SPWC exhibits considerable antioxidant and neuroprotective activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1446-1451
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• 2012

Levodopa or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is the precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine. L-DOPA is a famous treatment for Parkinson's disease symptoms. In this study, electroenzymatic synthesis of L-DOPA was performed in a three-electrode cell, comprising a Ag/AgCl reference electrode, a platinum wire auxiliary electrode, and a glassy carbon working electrode. L-DOPA had an oxidation peak at 376 mV and a reduction peak at -550 mV. The optimum conditions of pH, temperature, and amount of free tyrosinase enzyme were pH 7, $30^{\circ}C$, and 250 IU, respectively. The kinetic constant of the free tyrosinase enzyme was found for both cresolase and catacholase activity to be 0.25 and 0.4 mM, respectively. A cyclic voltammogram was used to investigate the electron transfer rate constant. The mean heterogeneous electron transfer rate ($k_e$) was $5.8{\times}10^{-4}$ cm/s. The results suggest that the electroenzymatic method could be an alternative way to produce L-DOPA without the use of a reducing agent such as ascorbic acid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.1397-1403
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• 2011

Epimedium koreanum Nakai is a wild medicinal plant commonly consumed in South Korea due to its health beneficial effects. In the present study, the antioxidative, antimutagenic and immunological activities of E. koreanum Nakai extracts were investigated for their use in food. The yields of icariin compounds from the ethanol extract as well as the ethyl acetate, butanol, hexane, water, and chloroform fractions of E. koreanum were 27.9, 2.5, 1.7, 1.4, and 1.3 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively. The icariin components (295.5 ${\mu}g/g$) were collected from the ethyl acetate fraction by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and analyzed via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activities of each fraction were as follows: ethyl acetate (49.0 ${\mu}g/mL$), butanol (59.2 ${\mu}g/mL$), hexane (119.8 ${\mu}g/mL$), water (122.0 ${\mu}g/mL$), and chloroform (138.5 ${\mu}g/mL$), based on $RC_{50}$ ${\mu}g/mL$. Icariin, isolated and identified as the main component, showed strong antioxidant activity with a $RC_{50}$ value of 15.3 ${\mu}g/mL$, which was higher than those of ascorbic acid (19.5 ${\mu}g/mL$) and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (18.2 ${\mu}g/mL$). In an Ames test, none of the fractions produced mutagenic effects on Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and TA100. In an immunomodulating activity test, the effects of E. koreanum Nakai on B cells (Rhamos) and T cells (Jurkat) were investigated. These results show that the growth and viability of B and T cells were increased by isolated icariin components for 1.27 and 1.28 fold, respectively. These results also provide preliminary data for the development of E. koreanum Nakai as an edible food material.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2014

This study was performed in order to investigate the antioxidant properties of hot water extract from the root and aerial part of the Syneilesis palmata in respect to its potential use as food, cosmetics material, or medicinal resource. The results showed that the S. palmata root hot water extract (RHW) possessed a higher content of total flavonoid compounds (4.58 mg/g) and total polyphenol compounds (59.11 mg/g). The SOD-like activities of the RHW and APHW were 23.74% and 21.61%, respectively, at a concentration $2,000{\mu}g/mL$. In the nitrite scavenging ability of a $2,000{\mu}g/mL$ concentration, the RHW showed 63.06% (pH 1.2) and 47.16% (pH 3.0). The $IC_{50}$ values of the nitrite scavenging abilities were $99.93{\mu}g/mL$ (ascorbic acid), $1,150.85{\mu}g/mL$ (RHW), and $1,610.25{\mu}g/mL$ (APHW). The $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH free radical scavenging abilities were $99.87{\mu}g/mL$ (RHW) and $118.29{\mu}g/mL$ (APHW). The inhibition values ($IC_{50}$) of xanthine oxidase were $139.62{\mu}g/mL$ (RHW) and $111.11{\mu}g/mL$ (APHW). In all of the experiments, the S. palmata root hot water extracts have higher activities than the aerial hot water extract, except for the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. These results suggest that the S. palmata is a potentially useful antioxidant source for the development of functional nutraceuticals, cosmetics and medicine.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2014

This study was designed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant potentials and the antioxidant components of 80% ethanolic extracts prepared from five edible spring flowers. The contents of total phenols (14.1-18.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of dry weight; DW), flavonoids (0.3-4.9 mg catechin equivalents), total carotenoids ($1.9-578.1{\mu}g$ ${\beta}$-carotene equivalents), and proanthocyanidins (2.8-23.5 mg catechin equivalents), were determined by spectrophotometry. In addition, the content of ascorbic acid (0.71-1.31 mg) was determined using HPLC with UV detection. All varieties of the flower examined showed antioxidant potential (1.2-46.1 mM Trolox equivalents/g DW), which was measured by the radical scavenging activity and the reducing power. Of the five flowers analyzed, Prunus avium L. showed the highest antioxidant activity. A strong correlation was found between the ascorbic acid ($r^2=0.75$), flavonoids ($r^2=0.71$), and total phenolic content ($r^2=0.64$) and the antioxidant parameters, suggesting that these components are likely significant contributors to the antioxidant capacity of the five spring flowers.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.217-226
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated the antioxidative and cellular protective effects on HaCaT cells and erythrocytes of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) leaves extract and its fractions. All experiments were performed with 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction of M. oleifera leaves. The free radical scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) of the extract and fractions of M. oleifera leaves were in the following order: 50% ethanol extract ($77.10{\mu}g/mL$) < ethyl acetate fraction ($20.63{\mu}g/mL$) < aglycone fraction ($17.00{\mu}g/mL$) by using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. In $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system using the luminol, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities (total antioxidant capacity, $OSC_{50}$) of aglycone fraction ($OSC_{50}=0.63{\mu}g/mL$) was the strongest among all extracts, which was much higher than L-ascorbic acid ($1.50{\mu}g/mL$). In the $^1O_2$-induced cellular damage of erythrocytes, the cellular protective effects of 50% ethanol extract (${\tau}_{50}=46.9min$) and aglycone fraction (${\tau}_{50}=122.1min$) were higher than (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (${\tau}_{50}=37.7min$), known as a lipophilic antioxidant at $10{\mu}g/mL$. After cell damage induced by $400mJ/cm^2$ UVB irradiation, the cellular protective effects of ethyl acetate and aglycone fraction of M. oleifera leaves extract were showed on the concentration from 0.20 to $1.56{\mu}g/mL$. These results suggest that M. oleifera leaves extract and its fractions can function as a natural antioxidant agent in cosmetics on skin exposed to UV radiation by protecting cellular membrane against ROS.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.893-902
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the bioactivity of extracts from the seeds of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fructus (GJE) found in Namhae, Korea. Extraction was performed using three solvents, 70% methanol, Distilled Water (DW), and Ethyl Acetate (EA). We determined the total phenol and phytic acid contents of the extracts to evaluate their nitrogen oxide scavenging activity, antioxidant activity, reducing power, and lipid peroxidation inhibition ability. The phytic acid content of GJE was found to be 1.157 mg PAE (Phytic Acid Equivalent) /g DW. The yields of the three extraction processes were as follows: DW, 36.61%; 70% methanol, 30.10%; and EA, 20.40%. The physiological activities of the extract solvents increased significantly with increasing concentrations (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/mL) (p<0.05), but were lower than those of ascorbic acid, BHA, and trolox. Total phenol content was the highest in the 70% methanol extract, followed by DW and EA extracts. Further, nitrogen oxide scavenging activity and antioxidant activity were the highest for the 70% methanol extract followed by DW and EA extracts. Based on these results, the bioactivities of the 70% methanol and DW extracts of GJ seeds were excellent. These extracts can be used as natural antioxidants.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.534-540
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• 2005

Activity-guided fractionation of the CH$_2Cl_2$-soluble fraction of the roots of Sophora flavescens furnished five 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scaveng ers: trans-hexadecyl ferulic acid (1) cis-octadecyl ferulic acid (2), trans-hexadecyl sinapic acid (3), (-)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-(6aR,11aR)-8, 9-methylenedioxypterocarpan (4) and desmethylanhydroicaritin (8), along with nine known inactive compounds: (-)-maackiain (5), xanthohumol (6), formononetin (7), (2S)-2'-methoxykurarinone (9), (2S)-3${\beta}$,7,4'-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-(${\gamma},{\gamma}$- imethylallyl )-flavanone (10), (2S)-7,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8- (${\gamma},{\gamma}$-dimethylallyl ) -flavanone (11), umbelliferone (12), kuraridin (13), and trifolirhizin (14). Compounds 1-4 and 8 exhibited DPPH free radical scavenging effects at IC$_{50}$ values of 33.01 ${\pm}$ 0.20, 57.06 ${\pm}$ 0.16, 39.84 ${\pm}$ 0.36, 35.83 ${\pm}$ 0.47, and 18.11 ${\pm}$ 0.04${\mu}$M, respectively. L-Ascorbic acid, when used as a positive control, exhibited an IC$_{50}$ value of 7.39 ${\pm}$ 0.01 ${\mu}$M. Compounds 1-4 and 8 also appeared to exert significant scavenging effects on authentic ONOO-, with IC$_{50}$ values of 5.76 ${\pm}$ 1.19, 15.06 ${\pm}$ 1.64, 8.17 ${\pm}$ 4.97, 1.95 ${\pm}$ 0.29 and 4.06 ${\pm}$ 2.41 ${\mu}$M, respectively. Penicillamine (IC$_{50}$= 2.36 ${\pm}$ 0.79${\mu}$M) was used as a positive control. In addition, compounds 2,4,6,8, and 10 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.115-119
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• 2007

To discover the sources with antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities in Korean traditional medicines, 10 extract of medicinal plants were screened for their potential to scavenge stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, inhibit hydroxyl radical (${\cdot}OH$), total phenolic content, and inhibition of tyrosinase. The potency of DPPH radical scavenging activity was shown in the extract of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica Nakai that has a greater effect with $IC_{50}$ values of $6.49{\pm}5.43{\mu}g/mL$, than BHA ($IC_{50}=20.99{\pm}0.74{\mu}g/mL$), L-ascorbic acid $(IC_{50}=20.59{\pm}1.06{\mu}g/mL),\;and\;{\alpha}-tocopherol\;(IC_{50}=25.55{\pm}0.26{\mu}g/mL)$ as a positive control. The ${\cdot}OH$ scavenging activities were observed in the plants tested. Acanthopanax senticosus, Cirsium setiders, U. davidiana exhibited scavenging activity of more than 60% at $500{\mu}g/mL$. The scavenging activity(%) of BHA and a-tocopherol were 64.32 and 55.87% at $500{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The total phenolic content was determined, in order to assess its effect on the extract's antioxidant activity. The total phenoic content of $33.37{\pm}0.52mg/g$ was conformed by methanolic extract of U. davidiana. The U. davidiana and Morus bombycis exhibited tyrosinase inhibitory activity with a $34.28{\pm}1.32\;and\;75.57{\pm}1.10%$, respectively. In particular, M. bombycis has stronger tyrosinase inhibitory activity than albutin with $36.48{\pm}3.56%$ as a positive control. This work showed that the inhibitory abilities of Korean medicinal plants, such as U. davidiana and M. bombycis, on DPPH free radical, inhibit hydroxyl radical (${\cdot}OH$), and inhibition of tyrosinase and total phenolic content, can be useful in the prevention and treatment of free radical-relate disease. Investigations into further isolation of inhibitory principles of U. davidiana and M. bombycis are now in progress.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2014

In this work, the antioxidative effects and active component analysis of Gnaphalium affine D. DON. (G. affine) extracts were investigated. All experiments were performed with 70% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction of the G. affine extract. The free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) of ethyl acetate fraction ($6.15{\mu}g/mL$) of the G. affine was higher than that of (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol ($8.89{\mu}g/mL$), which is known as a reference control. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) of the 70% ethanol extract ($1.60{\mu}g/mL$), ethyl acetate fraction ($0.075{\mu}g/mL$) and aglycone fraction ($2.28{\mu}g/mL$) of extract of G. affine on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay were much higher than that of L-ascorbic acid ($6.88{\mu}g/mL$). The cellular protective effects of 70% ethanol extract (${\tau}_{50}$ = 52.0 min) and aglycone fraction of the extract (${\tau}_{50}$ = 60.6 min) on the $^1O_2$-induced cellular damage of human erythrocytes were exhibited the higher protective effect than (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (${\tau}_{50}$ = 38.0 min), known as a lipophilic antioxidant. TLC and HPLC were used to analyse active components in the aglycone fraction of the extract. Results showed that luteolin and apigenin were main components. These results suggest that the G. affine extract can be applied to an effective antioxidant in scavenging ROS including radicals.