• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.657-663
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• 2012

The Ca deficiency is a serious problem in the propagation of domestically bred 'Seolhyang' strawberry through soil cultivation. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of the Ca containing fertilizers on the decrease of Ca deficiency symptoms and in the growth of mother and daughter plants. To achieve this, chemicals of 1.125 mM $Ca(OH)_2$, 0.375 mM $MgCl_2$, and 1.25 mM KCl were blended to contain the K:Ca:Mg (4:2:1) and the influence was compared to a commercial fertilizer, Azuro-Calma ($NO_3$-N 13%, $K_2O$ 1%, CaO 16%, MgO 6%), when those were applied as solutions with the electrical conductivity (EC) controlled to 0.6 or 1.0dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$. During 120 days after transplant, the Azuro-Calma was more effective than the combined fertilizer in the reduction of mother and daughter plants on which Ca deficiency was appeared. The application of two Ca containing fertilizers resulted in the heavier fresh and dry weights of mother plants. The treatments of 1.0dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ of two fertilizers were more effective than those of 0.6dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$. The combined fertilizer was also more effective than Azuro-calma on the growth of above ground plant tissue. The results in length, fresh and dry weight of runners occurred from a mother plants showed that the treatment of 1.0dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ of combined fertilizer was most effective followed by those of 1.0dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ of Azuro-Calma, 0.6dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ of combined fertilizer, 0.6dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ of Azuro-Calma, and control. The fresh weights of daughter plants were heavier in the treatments of Ca application than those in the control treatment, but the differences between 0.6dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ and control were not significant. The above results indicate that Azuro-Calma is more effective in decreasing plants showing the Ca deficiency symptoms. However, the combined fertilizer of K:Ca:Mg is more desirable when we are concerned about the decrease of crops showing Ca deficiency as well as increase of the growth in above ground plant tissue.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.266-270
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• 1999

Two forms of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) are identified in the brain of adult mature spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax sp.) by immunohistochemical methods. Salmon GnRH immunoreactive (sGnRH-ir) cell bodies were distributed in the olfactory bulb, ventral telencephalon and preoptic region. Immunoreactive fibers were observed in the vicinity of the brain including the olfactory bulbs, the telencephalon, the optic nerve, the optic tectum, the cerebellum, the medulla oblongata and rostral spinal cord. In most cases, these fibers did not form well defined bundles. However, there was a clear continuum of immunoreactive fibers, extending from the olfactory bulbs to the pituitary. cGnRH-II-ir cell bodies were only found in olfactory bulbs. However, the distribution of cGnRH-II-ir fibers was basically similar to that of sGnRH-ir fibers except for the absence of their continuity between the olfactory bulbs and the pituitary. These data suggest that sGnRH and cGnRH-II are endogenous peptides and indicate the presence of multiple neuroendocrine functions in the brain of the spotted sea bass. It seems that sGnRH not only regulates GTH secretion but also functions as a neurotransmitter, whereas cGnRH-II functions only as a neurotransmitter.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.67-79
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• 1984

In an effort to elucidate the physiological characteristics in cardiopulmonary function, electromyogram(EMG), and blood chemistry in athletic high school students, an analysis of electrocardiogram(ECG) and EMG, pulmonary function test, venous blood gas analysis($Pvo_2$ and$Pvco_2$), and measurement of heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, blood glucose and blood lactate were made for 16 to 19 year-old high school students who were divided into athletic (n=19) and non-athletic (n=20) group. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1) ECG intervals in athletes were longer than in non-athletes, and the difference was significant in R-R, Q-T and T-P intervals. Resting heart rate in athletes was 56.3/min showing a bradycardia compared with 79.8/min in non-athletes. Amplitudes of R and T waves in lead $V_5$ were significantly higher than in non-athletes. 2) Pulmonary function parameters in athletes showed higher values than in non-athletes. Parameters which showed significant differences were FEV 0.5, PEF, FEF 25%, PIF and FEF $200{\sim}1.200\;ml. 3) Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate after exercise were significantly elevated from resting values. Heart rate and respiratory rate showed greater increase in non-athletes, while blood pressure showed greater increase in athletes. 4) $Pvo_2$ was lowered ana $Pvco_2$ was elevated after exercise, and there was no significant difference between two groups. 5) Blood glucose and lactate levels were elevated after exercise. The difference was significant in blood lactate, and was greater in non-athletes. 6) EMG amplitude was steadily increased with increasing load of exercise, and the increase was greater in athletes than in non-athletes.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.275-280
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• 1992

Inoculation responses of alfalfa[Medicago sativa(L.) Vernal] to Rhizobium meliloti with nitrogen fertilization were characterized by soil populations and plant yields from 1989 to 1991 at cultivated upland soil, which contained $3.1{\times}10$cells of R. meliloti/g.soil. The results obtained accordingly to fertilizing with 8Kg N/10a and differently inoculating the host such as initial and annual inoculation methods were as follows : 1. Soil populations of R. meliloti were increased more at no nitrogen fertilized condition compared to nitrogen fertilized condition to 2nd year experiment from 1st year that came up $1.6{\times}10^3$cells/g.soil, but at 3rd year the trend was reversed. Between inoculation methods, on the whole, the annual inoculation caused more populations, which were $2.0{\times}10^4$cells/g.soil in maximum number. And the populations declined after winter but recovered passing through summer season. 2. Alfalfa yields were mainly influenced by rhizobial populations rather than by fertilizing nitrogen showing a significant correlation(Y=0.36+0.287X, $r^2=0.58^{**}$) with the former. The increased extents of yields obtained by inoculation at no nitrogen and nitrogen fertilized conditions, respectively, were 66 and 10% in 1st : 13 and 20% in 2nd : 19 and 13% in 3rd year experiment with the initial inoculation, and were 66 and 10% in 1st ; 30 and 20% in 2nd : 35 and 36% in 3rd year experiment with the annual inoculation. 3. The results demonstrated the importance of inoculating, if possible, annual inoculating alfalfa to get much yields even at cultivated upland soil.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.1
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• pp.103-113
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• 1995

To estimate buffer capacity and sensitivity of forest ecosystem to acid rain in Taejon, ionic components of throughfall, stemflow, soil leachate, and open rain in Pinus rigida and Quercus variabilis forest were analysed. The spatial sensitivity based on parent rock and forest type was given by IDRISI of GIS which created imagery conversion from soil and vegetation map. Parent rocks and soils were classified into acidic, sedimentary, metamorphic rock and then subdivided based on $SiO_2$ content. Average pH of vegetation leachate was higher in throughfall but lower in stemflow than open rain and higher in Quercus variabilis forest than in Pinus rigida forest. The flow of $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $Cl^-$ through vegetation leaching(throughfall plus stemflow) into soil were 7.2, 4.3, and 2.5 times, respectively, higher in Pinus rigida forest and 4.4, 2, and 2.5 times, respectively, higher in Quercus variabilis forest than in open field. But the concentration of exchangeable cations was 4.1 times higher in Pinus rigida forest and 4.6 times higher in Quercus variabilis forest than in open field. Average pH of soil leachate was lower than that of throughfall, but higher than that of stemflow. The concentration of exchangeable canons and $Al^{3+}$ in soil leachate were more in Pinus rigida forest than in Quercus variabilis forest and increase signficantly with the increase of acidic deposits. Pinus forest had more deposition and canopy interception of acidic pollutants and more nutrient loss than Quercus forest, and Quercus forest had more cation exchange and proton consumption and than consequently had less nutrient loss and better buffer capacity than Pinus forest. The 69% of forest soils was distributed on acidic rock, 25% of it on metamorphic rock, and 6% of it on intermediate and basic rock. Acidic rock residuals which had low very canon exchange capacity and high sensitivity to acid rain occupied a half of total forest land in Taejon area. Therefore forests in Taejon showed high vulnerability to acid rain and will receive much more stress with the increase of acid rain precursors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.3
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• pp.204-214
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• 2008

This study was conducted to analyze the influence of simulated acid rain on growth of Liliodendron tulipifera seedlings. The seedlings were treated with four levels of simulated acid rain, 5.6, 4.9, 3.9, or 2.9, and dry weight, growth of stem and root were investigated. There were statistically significant differences at 1% and 5% in the total dry weight of the above-part among the simulated acid rain treated groups with different levels of pH and different types of soil. The dry weight of the above part tended to decrease as the acidity of the simulated acid rain increases. The total dry weight of the below-part was significantly different according to the levels of acidity of the acid rain in all three soils and was shown a significant difference according to the soil types at only pH 2.9 plot. The dry weight of the below part in soils A and C decreased as the pH level decreases. The rate of stem growth was significantly different among the treatment groups of acidity of the acid rain at significance level of 0.01 and among the treatment groups of soil types at 0.01 and 0.05 levels from June to August. In all three soil types, the greatest stem growth occurred during the period of June. Moreover, stem growth was promoted at pH 3.9 plot and pH 4.9 plot whereas it was suppressed at pH 2.9 plot. Though the amount of fine roots and very fine roots in soil depth of 0-7 cm and 7-14 cm were significantly different among the treatment groups of pH level, fine root was not shown a significant difference among the pH groups in soil depth of 14-21cm. The types of soil significantly affected only on the amount of the very fine root.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.4
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• pp.460-472
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• 1994

This study has been conducted to give some ideas for reasonable ecological management of Taejon city and its adjacent forest ecosystem against the effect of acid rain. Rain monitoring points to analyse its components represented 1 point in industrial area, 4 points in commercial area, 4 points in residential area, and 5 points in suburban area and forest survey was done in 7 forest sites adjacent to rain monitoring points. Transformed vegetation index(TVI) based on Landsat TM data was analysed for forest area. Taejon area was seriously contaminated by air pollutants and average concentration of anions in precipitation were 20.16mg/l for $SO_4{^{2-}}$, 3.65mg/l for $NO_3{^-}$, and 3.09mg/l for $Cl^-$. Anion in precipitation were $1.09mg/m^2/month$ for $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $0.23mg/m^2/month$ for $NO_3{^-}$, and $0.20mg/m^2/month$ for $Cl^-$. Cation in precipitation were $0.14mg/m^2/month$ for $Ca^{2+}$, $0.10mg/m^2/month$ for $NH_4{^+}$, $0.08mg/m^2/month$ for $Na^+$, $0.07mg/m^2/month$ for $K^+$, and $0.08mg/m^2/month$ for $Mg^{2+}$. The region with the highest concentration of $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $Cl^-$ in rain was industrial area. $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $Cl^-$ concentrations in industrial area were 43.08, 3.88, and 3.64ppm, respectively. Forest soil showed strongly acidic ranging pH4.16-4.94. Transformed vegetation index(TVI) were 3.11 in Dangsan, 4.00 in Kyechoksan, 4.13 in Bomunsan, 4.18 in Kabhasan, 3.34 in Bongsan, 4.13 in Sikchangsan, and 4.20 in Seongchisan. Dangsan forest located near in industrial area showed the lowest TVI.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.690-697
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• 2006

This study has been carried out to estimate mean concentration and the daily intake of 2 artificial sweeteners (aspartame and sucralose) by analyzing food samples. Total number of samples was 755 and the number of samples detected for sweeteners was 33 (detection rate was 4.4%). Contribution rate to total estimated daily intake (%) of artificial sweeteners in food categories was high in candy for aspartame and sucralose. Total Estimated Daily Intakes $({\Sigma}EDI)$ for different age groups were high in $13{\sim}19$ years old for aspartame and $7{\sim}12$ years old for sucralose. Total estimated daily intakes $({\Sigma}EDI)$ of men and women were 5.10 mg/person/day and 4.88 mg/person/day, respectively. Total estimated daily intakes $({\Sigma}EDI)$ of artificial sweeteners were shown as follows; 3.75 mg/person/day for aspartame and 1.27 mg/person/day for sucralose, respectively and assuming a body weight of 55 kg. These values were ranged from $0.15{\sim}0.17%$ of acceptable daily intake (ADI) evaluated by FAO/WHO and $1.0{\sim}21.4%$ of theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI), and therefore, judged to be safe.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2014

This study is to provide basic information regarding photoneutron doses in terms of radiation treatment techniques and the number of portals in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) by measuring the photoneutron doses. Subjects of experiment were 10 patients who were diagnosed with prostate cancer and have received radiation treatment for 5 months from September 2013 to January 2014 in the department of radiation oncology in S hospital located in Seoul. Thus, radiation treatment plans were created for 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy (3D-CRT), Volumetric-Modulated Arc Radiotherapy (VMAT), IMRT 5, 7, and 9 portals. The average difference of photoneutron dose was compared through descriptive statistics and variance analysis, and analyzed influence factors through correlation analysis and regression analysis. In summarized results, 3D-CRT showed the lowest average photoneutron dose, while IMRT caused the highest dose with statistically significance (p <.01). The photoneutron dose by number of portals of IMRT was $4.37{\pm}1.08mSv$ in average and statistically showed very significant difference among the number of portals (p <.01). Number of portals and photoneutron dose are shown that the correlation coefficient is 0.570, highly statistically significant positive correlation (p <.01). As a result of the linear regression analysis of number of portals and photoneutron dose, it showed that photoneutron dose significantly increased by 0.373 times in average as the number of portals increased by 1 stage. In conclusion, this study can be expected to be used as a quantitative basic data to select an appropriate IMRT plans regarding photoneutron dose in radiation treatment for prostate cancer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.88-97
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• 2009

This study was conducted to obtain the basic information to increase the practical use of soil survey data through the subdividing of lava shapes with soil sequences due to different elevations in Jeju. The numbers of soil series of lava topography had occupied many of whole soil series in Jeju. When its topography subdivide, it give more detailed soil information. The obtained results are as follows; The lava topography to subdivide lava topography were studied with 38 soil series according to elevation in Jeju. Division of elevation are less than 50m, 50m to 200m, and 200m to 400m and more than 400m. Name the depending on elevation, less than 50m is called lower part of lava, 50m to 200m is called middle part of lava, and 200m to 400m and more than 400m are called upper part of lava. The characteristics of lava subdivide are as follows; soil family texture of lower part of lava is fine silty to clayey, drainage classes are various, average of available soil depth is 75.3cm, average of gravely contents are 11.6%, average of slopeness is 7.2%, limiting factor are various and soil order are various. soil family texture of middle part of lava is fine silty to coarse silty, drainage classes are well to very well, average of available soil depth is 65.9cm, average of gravely contents are 14.7%, average of slopeness is 11.3%, limiting factor are ashy and soil order are Andisols and Inceptisols. Soil family texture of upper part of lave is fine silty, drainage classes are well, average of available soil depth is 72.8cm, average of gravely contents are 16.0%, average of slopeness is 14.9%, limiting factor are ashy and skeletal, and order are Andisols.