• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.201-211
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• 2008

The treatment efficiency of PCBs containing wastes has been investigated. The samples treated by electron beam and de-chlorination method were analyzed to verify the byproducts before treatment and after treatment. In the treated samples by electron beam irradiation, PCBs were not detected by comparing the peak matching using the Korean official waste test method. On the other hand, PCBs congeners were detected by analyzing individual isotope method using HRGC/HRMS. Most of PCB congeners in waste were decomposed to 3-chlorobiphenyls, lower chlorinated congener produced during the treatment of electron beam. In the chemical dechlorination treatment, it was found that the concentrations of PCBs in treated samples were lower than those of regulation criteria in Waste & POPs management law and the after treatment concentration were satisfied to the regulation criteria. Also, dioxins were not observed after the physio-chemical treatment processes of PCBs containing wastes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1075-1086
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• 2008

In order to investigate the applicability and suitability of the industrial by-products to apply mono-layer cover system for non-sanitary landfill sites, 6 different industrial by-products, such as construction waste, bottom ash, gypsum, blast furnace and steel manufacture slags, and stone powder sludge, were evaluated. Various physicochemical and hydrodynamic properties of the industrial byproducts were investigated. The environmental safety was monitored using batch and long-term leaching tests as well. In addition, the flexibility of plants was observed by cultivating them in the industrial by-products. The results for physicochemical properties indicate that most of the materials considered appeared to be suitable for landfill cover. Particularly, the concentration levels of hazardous elements regulated by the Korean Law for Waste Management did not exceed the regulatory limits in all target materials. In addition, the concentrations of regulated elements for the Korean Soil Conservation Law were examined below the regulatory limits in most of materials considered, except for the stone powder sludge. The results of batch and long-term experiments showed bottom ash and construction waste were the most suitable materials for landfill cover among the industrial by-products considered. The results of plant studies indicate that the bottom ash among industrial by-products considered was most effective in developing vegetation on landfill site, showing fast germination and large growth index. At the final covering system made of mixture of soil and bottom ash, the optimum application rate of farmyard manure was observed to be 40-50 Mg/ha.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.7 no.3 s.31
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• pp.149-158
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• 2006

For construction projects, it is required to estimate the Environmental Management Cost(EMC) for pollution prevention, using the calculation standards prescribed in the Construction Technology Management Law(CTML). However, the EMC standards are difficult to utilize without definite site information. Therefore, it is needed a new calculation method reflecting project site information. According to the definition of EMC in the CTML, this study identifies the EMC items and classifies them into the pollution types such as air, water, noise, waste and others. With this EMC classification, the stud:』 analyzes using the SPSS the EMC for the 78 new multi-housing projects, which were executed during the past three years, 2000-2002. And then an EMC estimating matrix is developed with simple information such as site location and size of area from historical data. The proposed matrix can be effectively used to check and control budgeting and estimating the EMC of the multi-housing projects. In addition, the proposed EMC matrix are validated through a case study.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.119-127
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• 2022

In recent years, the intensity of typhoons has increased due to climate change. It is presumed that the tailings and waste rock in the mining area harm the environment owing to flood damage. The Gangneung area has been affected by the largest typhoons in Korea, including No. 3,693 (1936), Rusa (2002), Maemi (2003), and Megi (2004). This study was based on a case in which high concentrations of arsenic were detected in the surroundings along a stream after floods caused by typhoons. Although the environmental damage-related law clarifies the responsibility of polluters, careful implementation is required in potential natural disaster areas. The pollutants from abandoned mines can be widely exposed due to typhoons as artificial causes may be mixed. To minimize the impact of natural disasters in these areas, it is necessary to improve and link relevant laws. This study is expected to help cope with mixed pollutants in downstream areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.12 no.4 s.27
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• pp.293-300
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• 2006

Domestic laws such as Korea Marine Pollution Prevention Law (KMPPL) which has been mae and amended according to the conclusions and amendments of various international conventions for the prevention a marine pollution such as MARPOL 73/78 were reviewed and compared with the major contents of the relevant international conventions. Alternative measures for legislating new laws or amending existing laws such as KMPPL for the acceptance of major contents of existing international conventions were proposed. Annex VI of MARPOL 73/78 into which the regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ship have been adopted has been recently accepted in KMPPL which should be applied to ships which are the moving sources of air pollution at sea rather tlnn in Korea Air Environment Conservation Law which should be applied to automobiles and industrial installations in land. The major contents of LC 72/95 have been accepted in KMPPL However, a few of substances requiring special care in Annex II of 72LC, a few of items in characteristics and composition for the matter in relation to criteria governing the issue of permits for the dumping of matter at sea in Annex III of 72LC, and a few of items in wastes or other matter that may be considered for dumping in Annex I of 96 Protocol have not been accepted in KMPPL yet. The major contents of OPRC 90 have been accepted in KMPPL. However, oil pollution emergency plans for sea ports and oil handling facilities, and national contingency plan for preparedness and response have not been accepted in KMPPL yet. The waste oil related articles if Basel Convention, which shall regulate and prohibit transboundary movement of hazardous waste, should be accepted in KMPPL in order to prevent the transfer if scrap-purpose tanker ships containing oil/water mixtures and chemicals remained on beard from advanced countries to developing and/or underdeveloped countries. International Convention for the Control if Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on the Ships should be accepted in KMPPL rather tlnn in Korea Noxious Chemicals Management Law. International Convention for Ship's Ballast Water/Sediment Management should be accepted in KMPPL or by a new law in order to prevent domestic marine ecosystem and costal environment from the invasion of harmful exotic species through the discharge of ship's ballast water.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.331-345
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• 2014

Objectives: The exponential growth of chemicals, an area of high concern in developed countries like the US (i.e., the Gore Initiative) and in the EU (i.e., REACH), as well as recent chemical accidents in Korea, have provoked nationwide concerns and resultant legal enforcement. This study aims to compare the laws of the Ministry of Environment (the Chemical Substances Control Act (CSCA), Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances (ARECS)) with those of the Ministry of the Employment and Labor (Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)). Methods: Each law pertaining to the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of the Employment and Labor was downloaded from the official legal information system (www.law.go.kr). The objectives of each law and the major contents related to chemical management were compared and summarized. Results: The CSCA and the ARECS are focused on the protection of people and the environment, while the OSHA relates to the protection of workers. The right to know of people and workers has been reinforced. The former two laws emphasize prevention, but the OSHA contains both preventive and post-accident measures. The role of the Ministry of Employment was reinforced with the promulgation of the CSCA and ARECS, which contain regulations such as adjacent area impact evaluation, risk control planning, chemical statistical survey and construction and operation of information, provision of risk control plans, response to chemical accidents and registration of chemical substances. Conclusion: We found that the three laws discussed here have several similar clauses designed to protect people and the environment from risks that may be caused by the use of chemicals, even though there are some differences among them in terms of objectives and contents. This review concluded that several clauses that can be regarded as double regulation should be unified in order to minimize the waste of government administrative resources and socio-economic losses.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.95-105
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• 2011

Total extraction method and environmental standards for heavy metals in soils were revised in regulation recently. In case of Area 3, as the law amended, the soil pollution level has gone up to 4 to 13 times higher depending on the type of heavy metal. In this study, it compares the properties of heavy metals of soil by sequential extraction and total extraction methods depending on the analysis method, using the soil around mine. In case of arsenic, the soil pollution level has gone up to 4 times higher, but 6 to 10 times in the sample soil. Also, according to the results of portability evaluation depending on the type of existence form of heavy metal it exists as residual form in mine waste rock, which is less likely to move, while it exists as migrated form in tailing. Therefore, it should be considered to evaluate the soil pollution and decide the contaminated bounds depending on the existence form of heavy metals on soil to restore the polluted soil.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.147-156
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• 2008

Purpose: All acts which are enforced from the radioactive iodine therapeutic team is a in its own way principle and provision. Therefore unification of all acts can not be appropriately. We will make the standard coherence. Materials & Methods: From 5 November, 2007 to 17 November 2007, we conducted a questionnaire survey of the nuclear medicine manager of 30 hospitals. The contents of a questionnaire is medical treatment section, patient management, prosecuting attorney section, waste management and safety supervision in about the patient and a questionnaire was drawn up in the method which selects an item. Results: 30 hospital agencies are operating purely for I-131 high dose ablation therapy. Diagnostic study and daily schedule had the difference of some. The most of education for the patients took charge of doctor and nurse. The satisfaction of education was evaluated as the high thing. The safety supervision of waste management accomplishment and Safety supervision the patient and the worker observed on the basis of atomic energy law. Conclusion: Specific standards with sufficient amount of information and practical contents should have been presented through the following data. However, it seems to be lacking in many aspects. Nevertheless, respondents rated 70.9%, which is relatively high, on the value of clinical utilization, and I am very thankful for the evaluation. For many years from now, it may seem necessary for a lot of research on the specific matters based on these data to be conducted.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.89-99
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• 1992

We discussed the change of housing environmental problems from the early 1900s to the present in Study(I). This study(II) which secendly research of study(I) analyzed the fixing precess of a lavatory centering around a excretion which was a serious housing environmental problem in 1920 to 1940. The documentary research method was used for this study. Articles of content analysis(N=185) were published in 1920 to 1990 which were The Deng-A daily news article about a excretion and a lavatory. The main content of this study was examined the change, such as the number of whole article, the column number of article by time series. and the content of article by subject. 1. The number of whole article by time series was collected mainly in1920s-1930s. In 1940s-1960s, one-two column of article was appeared generally and three-four, five column of article was appeared in 1970-1980. 2. Contents of article was divided into two classes, excretion and lavatory. Contents of excretion was 1) a use of fertilizer 2) the method of transportation 3) a cost of gathering 4) a place of disposal 5) the problem of cleaning. Contents of lavatory was 1) a public lavatory 2) a flush toilet 3) a sanitary conditions 3. 1) A use of fertilizer was concentrated in 1920s-1930s, and problems of it was solved more or less by change of management method. Transportation of excretion developed such as \ulcornerGue\ulcorner->a coach of tank style->underground transportation->a dung car of absorption style. Disposal place of excretion was a cause of dissatisfaction in 1920s and it is serious problem Today. A duty of excretion gathering was transfered to a private worker in 1978. The accunulation problem of excretion was continued until 1940s-1950s. The management law of waste matters was proclaimed in 1986. 2) A public lavatory was planned in 1924 for the first time, and it is insufficient in these days, A settlement of public lavatory in building which has upward of 20pyung became obligation in 1973. The problem of water contamination which by poor septic tank was happened in 1970s-1980s.

• 한국무역상무학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.45-72
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• 2006

The Equator Principles are a set of voluntary environmental and social guidelines for ethical project finance. These principles commit banks and other signatories to not finance projects that fail to meet these guidelines. The principles were conceived in 2002 on an initiative of the International Finance Corporation and launched in 2003. Since then, dozens of major banks have adopted the Principles, and with these banks among them accounting for more than three quarters of all project loan market volume the Principles have become the de facto standard for all banks and investors on how to deal with potential social and environmental effects of projects to be financed. While regarding the Principles an important initiative, NGOs have criticised the Principles for not producing real changes in financing activities and for allowing projects to go through that should have been screened out by the Principles, such as the Sakhalin-II oil and gas project in Russia. In early 2006, a process of revision of the principles was begun. The Equator Principles state that endorsing banks will only provide loans directly to projects under the following circumstances: - The risk of the project is categorized in accordance with internal guidelines based upon the environmental and social screening criteria of the International Finance Corporation (IFC). - For all medium or high risk projects (Category A and B projects), sponsors complete an Environmental Assessment, the preparation of which must meet certain requirements and satisfactorily address key environmental and social issues. - The Environmental Assessment report addresses baseline environmental and social conditions, requirements under host country laws and regulations, applicable international treaties and agreements, sustainable development and use of renewable natural resources, protection of human health, cultural properties, and biodiversity, including endangered species and sensitive ecosystems, use of dangerous substances, major hazards, occupational health and safety, fire prevention and life safety, socio-economic impacts, land acquisition and land use, involuntary resettlement, impacts on indigenous peoples and communities, cumulative impacts of existing projects, the proposed project, and anticipated future projects, participation of affected parties in the design, review and implementation of the project, consideration of feasible environmentally and socially preferable alternatives, efficient production, delivery and use of energy, pollution prevention and waste minimization, pollution controls (liquid effluents and air emissions) and solid and chemical waste management. - Based on the Environmental Assessment, Equator banks then make agreements with their clients on how they mitigate, monitor and manage those risks through an 'Environmental Management Plan'. Compliance with the plan is required in the covenant. If the borrower doesn't comply with the agreed terms, the bank will take corrective action, which if unsuccessful, could ultimately result in the bank canceling the loan and demanding immediate repayment. - For risky projects, the borrower consults with stakeholders (NGO's and project affected groups) and provides them with information on the risks of the project. - If necessary, an expert is consulted. The Principles only apply to projects over 50 million US dollars, which, according to the Equator Principles website, represent 97% of the total market. In early 2006, the financial institutions behind the Principles launched stakeholder consultations and negotiations aimed at revising the principles. The draft revised principles were met with criticism from NGO stakeholders, who in a joint position paper argued that the draft fails by ignoring the most serious critiques of the principles: a lack of consistent and rigorous implementation.