• Animal cells and systems
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.149-151
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• 1999

It has been suggested that the bush warbler (Cettia diphone borealis) uses different song types in various situations. We analyzed song features and conducted playback experiments in order to reveal the function of songs of the bush warbler. Two song types were identified. The short song type has a shorter song duration than that of normal song types and consists of only one or two syllables. Due to its short syllable and low amplitude of the whistle portion, we were able to discriminate the short song type (S song type). from the normal song type (N song Type). In the playback experiments, bush warblers sang high rates of short song type for the first three minutes after playback. After 6 minutes of playback, males changed to singing normal songs. These results suggest that the short song of the bush warbler may function to threaten or drive off intruding males.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 1996

Songs of the Yellow-throated Bunting (Emberiza elegans) and the Gray-headed Bunting (Emberiza fucata) in allopatric populations in Gangnae-meon, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk in Korea, were recorded during the breeding season and analyzed in sound spectroraphs. Males of E. elegans and E. fucata were tested to investigate whether territorial males can discriminate between neighbor and stranger based on playback of natural and artificial song repertoires. In addition, E. fucata was stimulated by playback of only the individually specific section as well as of only the posterior portion of the song. Males of E. elegans were able to discriminate individually between neighbor and stranger in response to natural song repertoires, but they did not respond to playback of the artificial song repertoires of neighbor and stranger. Males of E. fucata were able to discriminate individually between neighbor and stranger in response to natural, artificial song repertoires, and the anterior section of the song, while males did not respond to playback of the posterior section of the song.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.282-291
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• 1996

The song of the bush warbler, Cettia diphone, consists of an introdudory whisde portion and a complex ending syllable portion. In bush warbiers, a song with two or fewer notes in the whistle portion is classified as an a song mode, while a song with three or more notes in the whistle portion as a $\beta$ song mode. Although some variations occur in mode seledion by individuals and populations, the proportion of a mode songs to total songs is 55% (range 51.6-58.7%) on average. The a mode has a higher dominant frequency in the whistle portion than does the $\beta$ mode, but the number of syllables m the complex ending syllable portion is fewer. Bush warbler mode sequences are defined as $\alpha$$\alpha$, $\alpha$$\beta$, $\beta$$\alpha$ and $\beta$$\beta$ mode sequences. In order to test the hypothesis that song modes and mode sequences play a role in the defence of territory in Jeju and Wando populations in the south-coastal geographic song variation group, playback experiments were executed. Mode sequences differed between naturally produced songs and songs produced in response to playback for two populations. In particular, for birds in the Wando populations our results indicate that the use of song modes may be affeded by habitat, singing site and type of territory, and further propose that particular mode sequences may play a more important role than song mode in vocal interadions.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.573-579
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• 1994

본 연구는 1992년 3월에서 1993년 5월까지 충북 청원군 강내면 다락리 야산에 서식하는 노랑턱멧새(Emberizo elegans) 집단을 대상으로 이루어졌다. 종 인식을 위한 의미있는 song 특징을 알아보기 위해 같은 과(요)에 속하는 붉은뺨멧새(Emberizo fucata)와 쑥새(Emberiza rustsca)의 'stereotyped song'을 분석하였다 또한 세력권을 형성한 5개체를 대상으로 song에 기초한 playback 실험을 통하여 종 인식 능력을 알아보았다. 스피커에 가장 가까이 날라온 거리와 이 거리에서 머문 시간을 측정한 결과 붉은뺨멧새의 song에는 반응이 없었으나 쑥새의 song에는 의미있는 반응을 보였다. 따라서 노랑턱멧새와 두 종에 대한 song 특징의 분석을 토대로 종간 인식의 가능성에 대하여 논의하였다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2004

The bush warblers (Cettia diphone) have been recognized to possess two types of songs: a normal song that plays roles in attracting mate and territorial defense, and an anomalous song. The present study suggests that the anomalous song functions as an alarm signal as well as other unknown signals. Field observations and playback experiments on the anomalous song of bush warbler were conducted in order to investigate the contextual information that occurred between sender and receiver. In the field observation, the males frequently emitted anomalous songs to potential predators. The males responded with an anomalous song to stuffed potential predators. The distance from where the anomalous song occurs to the stimulating source varied depending upon the kinds of stimulus. The males of bush warbler possibly show different responses to the anomalous song depending on the level of danger. When the anomalous song was played back to terrestrial males and females, no distinctive behavior was observed. The anomalous song may be sung to defend the territory against predators or to distract invaders from the nest and female because the male and female behaviors were related with the anomalous song and its phonetic characteristics.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.101-118
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• 2017

Purpose : This paper explores the extent to which ZangFu diagrams made after Northern Song Dynasty were influenced by ZangFu diagrams made before Northern Song Dynasty, and how diagrams of the whole body and heart originated from MingTangZangFuTu and affected each other when quoted in books published after Northern Song Dynasty. Method : The author used four form factors including heart shape, internal curved lines, cylinder-like structures above heart, and wuzangxi (五臟系) which resembles a lotus flower which has not yet bloomed, to analyze and compare different ZangFu diagrams before and after the Northern Song Dynasty. Results : Two form factors, the shape of heart and wuzangxi, are described in ZangFu diagrams before Northern Song, and may have influenced ZangFu diagrams after Northern Song. However, the other two form factors (internal curved lines and cylinder-like structures above the heart) did not influence ZangFu diagrams after Northern Song. All form factors of heart found in WuCangLiuFuZhiTu (within the whole body) and diagram of heart in ZhenJiuJuYing (鍼灸聚英) were most similar, but the two paintings became less similar as they were cited in several books. With the exception of the form factor with structures above heart, the three other form factors are almost identical between two paintings produced after Northern Song dynasty, as displayed in the same book. Conclusion : ZangFu diagrams of the heart produced after Northern Song Dynasty, were not completely based on ZangFu diagrams made before Northern Song Dynasty. Diagrams of whole body and those of the heart were changed, while influencing each other after Northern Song.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.443-448
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• 1995

Playback experiments were performed to clarify the degree of song recognition using inter - and intra-populatlon songs of Bush Warbler at Cheongwon, Chungbuk area. Six territorial males were strongly responded to inter- as well as intrapopulation songs. Their responses to the inter- and Intra-population songs were not differed significantly in all measures of latency time, staying time, and closest distance. This result imply that Bush Warbiers in the region did not discriminate the difference between intra- and inter-population songs. It may be the reason that the regional males have little Interactions In song exchange with neighbors by keeping a long Individual distance. In order to investigate the signal value as species recognition releaser, playback of partial songs, prepared from tow distinct regional populations of the spedes were presented to males of the study area. The partial songs presented were made of two portions for each presentation, a whlsde portion only, and a complex syllable portion only. Territorial males responded stronger to the complex syllable portion than the whistle portion of the song. This result indicate that the complex syllable portion conveys more information on the species recognition. As 'releaser' hypothesis suggested formerly, a function of the complex syllable portion In Bush Warbler song is understood In which conveys most spedesIdentifying information. Thus, the result of this playback experiments supports the releaser hypothesis.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.111-117
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• 2006

Song-do City is a newly constructed city built on land reclaimed from the seaside and the surrounding area. Its development involved a long process since the basic plans for reclamation of the publicly owned seaside area in Song-do were drawn up in September 1979. However, if we take a look at the overall status of the project as it is carried on at present, it is hard to deny that the project is trapped inside the same legal restrictions as are all other existing cities, which permits Song-do City to meet only very minimum standards. This study intends to analyze and assess the Song-do City's environmentally friendly construction and to rate its current development status, exposing any problems and offering alternative solutions. In this paper, the current state of constructions in Song-do City were reviewed. Then a quantitative analysis and assessment for the Song-do City constructions of apartments, complex buildings, office buildings, and school facilities were conducted by using green building certification criteria. Finally the synthetic results of environmental performance evaluation for Song-do city constructions and follow-up suggestions were described.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.187-225
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• 2021

This study examines how international song festivals shaped Korean musicians' sense of the world in the 1970s and early 1980s. After the Korean composer, Yi Pongjo, won a top-10 prize at the Yamaha World Popular Song Festival in 1970, an astonishing number of Korean musicians participated in international song festivals held in Japan. Meanwhile, Korean broadcasting companies strengthened their cooperative relationship with Japanese television stations and initiated their own international song festivals in the late 1970s: Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC)'s Seoul International Song Festival in 1978 and Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation (TBC)'s World Song Festival in 1979. During the first two years of its festival, MBC organized its song contest by collaborating with television stations in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, and the ASEAN countries. However, the World Song Festival was more critically acclaimed because TBC invited renowned musicians from America and European countries, including Yugoslavia, in collaboration with the International Federation of Festival Organizations (FIDOF). Thus, from 1980, FIDOF helped MBC attract composers and singers from Europe and America to their Seoul International Song Festival. This paper sheds light on connections within the popular music arena between South Korea and the outside world during the Cold War-a subject that has been poorly examined.

• CELLMED
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.4.1-4.2
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• 2019

The aims of this article is to argue that the effect of catharsis through satire and humor in Korean music, Saseolnanongga. This song is a cheerful song of four beats and the representative rap music of Korean traditional music. This song is a folk song that reveals satire and humor such as curse to the person who left me and compassion and self-absorption. The lyrics harmonize with cheerful rhythm and create laughter and the lyrics of the song itself alone cause music therapy. The contents of the lyrics of the song are already refreshing. It means that you will be able to satisfy your surrogacy through the explicit lyrics. In this way, author thinks emotional expression through singing lyrics is an alternative solution. There has been a cathartic element in many twentieth-century approaches to psychological healing. The author thinks developmental criticism leads society to health, and satirical criticism reflects and heals individuals through catharsis.