• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.88-95
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• 2000

Objectives: The object of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of sleep deprivation on mood states of normal adults using a subjective scale and an objective scale, minimizing the effect of other factors other than that of sleep deprivation. Methods: Seventy volunteers were first participated in this sleep deprivation schedule, and 36 of them completed this experiment. The subjects and the control group members were all in their early 20's (mean $age=20.8{\pm}1.35$ vs $20.6{\pm}1.10$) and in good health. A log was checked by these subjects from a week before the laboratory study started. Drugs, alcohol and beverages containing any caffeine had been prohibited for a week before and during sleep deprivation periods. The study was performed only in summer to control other factors like sunlight, temperature and moisture. Before this experiment, the subjects had slept adequately for a week at least. On day 1 of the experiment the subjects got up at 6 a.m. and stayed in a sleep laboratory without sunlight or external noises. They could only go about their daily routines. They were forbidden to have a nap and be drowsy. GVA (Global Vigor and Affect) and MADRS (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale) were checked 11 times. The data was analysed focusing on the changing mood states. Results: The mood during sleep deprivation became worse as the sleep deprivation time progressed. Especially 20 hours ($GA=59.25{\pm}8.06$, $MADRS=3.43{\pm}1.25$) and 40 hours ($GA=38.83{\pm}9.22$, $MADRS=6.08{\pm}1.46$) after sleep deprivation, there were significant changes compared to the control group ($MADRS=6.08{\pm}1.46$ vs $1.07{\pm}1.18$, p<0.001). Conclusions: While controlling factors other than sleep deprivation might have had some influence on mood changes, significant mood changes during sleep deprivation were observed. The mood states became worse as the sleep deprivation progressed.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.196-204
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• 2003

Objectives: It is known that sedative hypnotics would make cross tolerance with alcohol and deteriorate quality of sleep in alcoholics. Light therapy is effective non-pharmacological intervention for sleep disturbance in circadian phase disorders, jet-lag, shift-work and age-related sleep disorders. Authors would investigate the effects of morning light therapy on sleep of patients with alcohol dependence during recovery state without withdrawal symptoms. Methods: 13 patients with alcohol dependence who have not any alcohol withdrawal symptom were recruited. Light therapy during 1 hour in the morning had been administered by 2500 Lux light box through serial 3 days. Sleep state of subjects were assessed by sleep log and the subjective satisfaction at sleep was by 100 mm visual analogue scale. Sleepiness, depressive mood, anxiety were evaluated by 100mm visual analogue scale at 8 AM, 2 PM and 8 PM. For assessment of performance ability that would be associated with sleepiness and vigilance, trail making test A, B and digit symbol substitution test were performed by two times on base line and 4th day. Univariate repeated-measures ANOVAs were performed for each measures except performance tests which were analysed by paired t-test. Results: Sleep latency and sleep efficiency were significantly improved with light therapy and satisfaction at sleep was. There was no significant difference in sleepiness at 2 PM with light therapy but sleepiness at 8 AM significantly decreased and at 8 PM increased. The time to complete Trail making test and digit symbol substitution test were significantly shortened at 4th day compared with baseline. Fatigue at 8 AM were not significantly changed with light therapy but at 2 PM and 8 PM significantly decreased. Depressive mood and anxiety were not significantly changed with light therapy. Conclusion: Although this study had some limitations, it showed that light therapy would be effective modality on sleep disturbance of patients with alcohol dependence who have recovered from alcohol withdrawal symptoms. It is proposed that short term light therapy could be used clinically for alcoholics with insomnia. In the future, long term controlled studies using more objective tools for sleep are required to further investigate the effect of light therapy in alcoholics.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 2022

Purpose : This study was to compare and analyze major factors related to smartphone addiction according to the gender of health-related college students. Methods : 720 people who voluntarily participated and agreed to fill out the questionnaire were randomly sampled. Smartphone addiction was measured using the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-SV), sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), anxiety symptoms were measured using the self-assessment anxiety scale (SAS), and depression symptoms were measured using the self-assessment depression scale (SDS). In addition, the age of each individual and the main function of smartphone use were also investigated. Results : The prevalence of smartphone addiction was higher among female students than male students (p<.05), while male students mainly played games and female students mainly used multimedia (video/music) viewing and social networking services (p<.05). In addition, male students showed a high association with smartphone addiction in the group where games were the main function of smartphone use, the group with low sleep quality, and the group with anxiety symptoms (p<.05), but for female students, multimedia (video/music) Or, the group in which social networking service is the main function of smartphone use, the group with low sleep quality, and the group with symptoms of anxiety and depression showed a high correlation with smartphone addiction (p<.05). Conclusion : It is expected that the results of this study will be used as basic data for providing customized solutions considering the characteristics of smartphone addicts.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.61-64
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• 2009

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been definitively shown to be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Recent reports have indicated that obstructive sleep apnea is associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism, also have type 2 diabetes. The potential mechanisms leading to the development of type 2 diabetes in OSA patients are likely to be various. Reduced physical activity resulting from daytime somnolence, sympathetic nervous system activation, intermittent hypoxia, sleep fragmentation and sleep loss, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, alteration in adipokine profiles, and activation of inflammatory pathways have been proposed. Based on the current evidence, clinicians should assess the risk of OSA in patients with type 2 diabetes and, conversely, consider that possibility of glucose intolerance in patients with OSA. Further large-scale and long-term follow-up studies in patient populations with selected by reliable but inexpensive diagnostic measures, controlled for potential confounder factor, are needed.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.615-623
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of aromatherapy on sleep disorders, satisfaction of sleep and fatigue in hemodialysis patients. Methods: The study design was a quasi-experimental study with nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were assigned an experimental group (N=17) and a control group (N=17). The experimental group had inhaled lavender and sweet orange for 2 minutes three times a day for 7 days. Sleep disorders were measured using Sleep Measuring Instrument and satisfaction of sleep was gauged using Visual Analogue Scale. Fatigue was checked using Fatigue Measuring instrument. Collected data were analyzed by ${\chi}^2$-test, t-test, Fisher's exact test, and paired t-test using SPSS/WIN 17.0 program. Results: There are significant differences in the sleep disorders, satisfactions of sleep and fatigue between experimental group and control group. Conclusion: Aromatherapy reduced the sleep disorders and the fatigue and increased satisfactions of sleep in hemodialysis patients. Based on the results of this study, aromatherapy can be used at the any setting as a safe and effective independent nursing intervention to sleep disorders and fatigue in hemodialysis patients.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.190-199
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in sleep, fatigue, and neurocognitive function between shift nurses and non-shift nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used. A total of 100 nurses participated in the study. 50 were shift nurses and the remaining 50 were non-shift nurses. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Fatigue Severity Scale, and a computerized neurocognitive function test (CNS Vital Signs-VS4) were administered to the subjects to assess verbal and visual memory, processing speed, reaction time, and simple attention. After the last night shift, the shift nurse conducted the study at around 8:00 am and the non-shift nurse participated after work. Results: Compared to non-shift nurses, shift nurses had a significantly lower sleep quality (p=.002) and higher fatigue (p=.001) and achieved significantly lower scores on verbal memory (p=.001), processing speed (p=.003), and reaction time (p=.018). There were significant correlations between sleep quality and processing speed (p=.042), and reaction time (p=.015) of shift nurses who were bad sleepers. Conclusion: This study findings suggest shift work could interfere with cognitive function. Personal and organizational programs should be developed to support their sleep and neurocognitive function.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing eating attitudes in female nursing students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 121 university students in 2016. Data was collected using self reported questionnaires asking about circadian rhythm (Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire), daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), and eating attitudes (Eating Attitudes Test-26). Stress resistance was measured with a brain quotient test. The data were analyzed with a t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis and linear regression using SPSS 22.0. Results: Eating attitudes were associated with daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, and stress resistance of the right hemisphere. Among these, daytime sleepiness and sleep quality had a significant effect on eating attitudes. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that sleep should be taken into account when developing interventions for preventing eating disorders in female nursing students.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.600-607
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• 2018

Objective : It has been reported in recent studies that 50-80% of patients with cervical disc hernia have concomitant sleep disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of sleep before and after surgical treatment in patients with cervical disc hernia and to assess the effects on treatment. Methods : The study included 32 patients performed discectomy and fusion with an intervertebral cage through the right anterior cervical approach. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were applied to all patients preoperatively and at one month postoperatively. Results : The postoperative PSQI total points and all the PSQI subscale points, the ODI and VAS scores were significantly reduced compared to the preoperative values. A positive correlation was determined between the preoperative ODI points and the PSQI total points and sleep duration, sleep latency and daytime functional loss subscale points. A positive correlation was also found between preoperative ODI points and VAS points. A positive correlation was determined between the preoperative VAS points and and the PSQI total points and sleep duration, and sleep latency subscale points. A negative correlation was determined between the postoperative ODI and the daytime functional loss subscale points. Conclusion : The results of the study showed that in patients with cervical disc hernia, sleep quality and daytime functionality were negatively affected by severity of pain that limited daily activities. Bringing the pain under control with surgical treatment was observed to increase sleep quality. It can be concluded that when planning treatment for these patients, it should be taken into consideration that there could be a sleep disorder in addition to the complaints and symptoms such as pain, hypoestesia and loss of strength.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.575-586
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting the constipation of the elderly at nursing homes. Method: A total of 184 elders at 7 nursing homes in P City participated. Information about constipation status (Constipation Assessment Scale). functional status (Katz' Activities of Daily Living). nutritional status (Mini-Nutritional Assessment). and depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form Korea version) were collected through interviews. Descriptive statistics. Chi-square test. and t-test were used to describe and compare the non constipation group and the constipation group. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors affecting constipation status. Results: The prevalence of constipation was 47.5% (Men 37%. women 51%). Elders suffering from a disease (P=.021) and having low sleep satisfaction (P= .000) were more likely to be constipated than those who did not. The factors affecting the constipation of the elderly at nursing homes were gender (OR=3.558), sleep satisfaction (OR=.580), and depressive symptoms (OR=1.132). Conclusion: According to the result, to reduce the constipation rate of old women at nursing homes, we have to develop guidelines that can solve problems related to constipation cause by sleep-satisfaction and depressive symptoms.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 2006

Purpose: This research is to know whether aroma foot massage has influence on the relief of anxiety and pain during colonoscopy under conscious sedation. Method: This research was designed as a quasi-experiment of non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest. Data were collected from April 1 2005 to August 30 2005. The subjects were divided into three groups (control group, foot massage group and aroma foot massage group) with 30 persons each. Anxiety was evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), blood pressure and pulse. Pain response was measured with VAS and non-verbal pain behavior score. Sleep satisfaction was measured with a graphic rating scale. Data were analyzed through Chi-square test, t-test and repeated measure ANOVA. Results: Systolic blood pressure, pulse, subjective anxiety and pain scores from the aroma foot massage group decreased significantly. Sleep satisfaction score of the aroma foot massage group increased significantly. Diastolic blood pressure from the aroma foot massage group did not decrease. Conclusion: The results show that aroma foot massage with refined oils can increase sleep satisfaction and decrease anxiety and pain during colonoscopy under conscious sedation.