• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 1981

Major quality indices for deterioration of red ginseng including oxidation of lipids and change of brown color intensity were periodically investicated during storage of Red Ginseng under various water activity conditions at 3$0^{\circ}C$. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The monolayer moisture contents were 3.25% and 6.3% for red ginseng and red ginseng powder, respectively, and the corresponding water activities were 0.14 and 0.16, respectively. 2. Oxidation of lipids as measured by TBA value increased with an increase in relative humidity and storage period 3. Under storage conditions above 42% R H., brown color intensity also increased in similar fashion to that of oxidation of lipids as relative humidity and storage Period increased 4. It was concluded from above results that water activity of Red Ginseng should be kept less than 0.57 so that red ginseng could Preserve stable qualify.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 2009

Phenanthrene, one of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, has been known to be toxic to the environment. In this investigation, the protective effect of red ginseng on phenanthrene-induced oxidative DNA damage was evaluated using Comet assay in A549 cells. Red ginseng's cytoprotective effect on phenanthrene-induced hemolysis was also investigated. This study's findings show that oxidative DNA damage and hemolysis were significantly prevented by red ginseng treatment. Notably, it was found that pulverizing red ginseng into ultra-fine particles even enhanced its protective effects against DNA damage and hemolysis. The results suggest that particle size reduction seems to effectively enhance red ginseng's pharmacological efficacies.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 1995

The present study was undertaken to elucidate the characteristics of red ginseng total saponin in behavioral changes on ambulation, forced swim test and convulsion in mice. The ambulation and the duration of immobility on forced swim test were not affected by red ginseng total saponin. On the other hand, the duration of immobility inducted by DMI, PGL but not CIP was significantly decreased, and the onset of convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazole was significantly shortened by preadministration of red ginseng total saponin. These results suggest that red ginseng total saponin component may play an important role in modulating synergism with drugs acting on depression and convulsion, and that the characteristics of synergetic effect induced by red ginseng total saponin potentate the central norepinephrine neuron activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.244-248
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• 1995

Water-soluble browning pigments were artily purified from Korean red ginseng through the several procedures such as fractionation by n-butanol, precipitation by ethanol, dialysis and gel filtration. At least four kinds of water-soluble browning pigment were separated from each other, two kinds of low-molecular-weight and two kinds of high-molecular-weight pigments.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1980.09a
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• pp.187-191
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• 1980

From its effects on a variety of symptoms, red ginseng powder proved clinically usable as a the-rapeutic for many diseases

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.190-197
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• 2012

Ginseng has a long history of use for health enhancement, and there is some evidence from animal studies that it has a beneficial effect on cognitive performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Korean red ginseng on cognitive performance in humans. A total of 15 healthy young males with no psychiatric or cognitive problems were selected based on an interview with a board-certified psychiatrist. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive a daily dose of 4,500 mg red ginseng or placebo for a 2-week trial. There were 8 subjects in the red ginseng group and 7 subjects in the placebo group. All of the subjects were analyzed with the Vienna test system and a P300 event-related potential (ERP) test. There were no significant differences in the Vienna test system scores between the red ginseng group and the placebo group. In the event-related potential test, the C3 latency of the red ginseng group tended to decrease during the study period (p=0.005). After 2 wk, significant decreases were observed in the P300 latencies at Cz (p=0.008), C3 (p=0.005), C4 (p=0.002), and C mean (p=0.003) in the red ginseng group. Our results suggest that the decreased latency in ERP is associated with improved cognitive function. Further studies with a higher dosage of ginseng, a larger sample size, and a longer follow-up period are necessary to confirm the clinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.68-73
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• 2001

Studies were performed to determine the effect of red ginseng and white ginseng on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation, and apoptosis of jejunal crypt cells in irradiated mice. The radioprotective effect of ginseng was compared with the effect of diethyldithocarbamate(D). Jejunal crypts were protected from irradiation by pretreatment of red ginseng (50 mg/kg B.W., I.P. at 36 and 12 hours before irradiation) and white ginseng (50 mg/kg B.W., I.P. at 36 and 12 hours before irradiation). Red ginseng administration before irradiation and both pretreatment and posttreatment (50 mg/kg B.W., I.P. at 30 minutes after irradiation) of white ginseng resulted in an increase of the formation of endogenous spleen colony. the frequency of radiation-induced apoptosis in intestinal crypt cells was also reduced by both pretreatment and posttreatment of red ginseng, and pretreatment of white ginseng. The radioprotective effect of DDC (1000 mg/kg B.W., I.P. at 30 minutes before irradiation) on jejunal crypt survival and apoptosis was similar to those of ginseng treatment. Treatment with DDC showed no significant modifying effects on formation of endogenous spleen colony. These results indicated that ginseng might be a useful radioprotector. Further studies are needed to characterize effective radioprotective components and mechanism of ginseng.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2003

In this study, the feasibility of magnetic resonance techniques for nondestructive internal quality evaluation of Korean red ginseng was examined. Relaxation time constants were measured using various grades of red ginsengs. Solid state magnetic resonance imaging technique was applied to image dried red ginsengs which have low moisture contents (about 13%). A 7 tesla magnetic resonance imaging system operating at a proton resonant frequency of 300 ㎒ was used for acquiring MR images of dried Korean red ginseng. The comparison test of cross cut digital images and magnetic resonance images of heaven grade, good grade with cavity inside, and good grade with white part inside red ginseng suggested the feasibility of the internal quality evaluation of Korean red ginsengs using MRI techniques. A good grade red ginseng included abnormal tissues such as cavities or white parts inside was observed by the signal intensity of MR image based on magnetic resonance properties of proton nucleus. Analysis on an one dimensional profile of acquired MR image of Korean red ginseng showed easy discrimination of normal and abnormal tissues. MR techniques suggested ways to detect internal defects of red ginsengs effectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.113-126
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• 1979

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of the Korean red ginseng extracts on the growth of lactic acid bacteria, such as Lac. acidophilus and Str. thermophilus. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The growth of all the lactic acid bacteria tested in this study was not influenced when the skim milk was added with the red ginseng extracts in concentration of less than 4.0%. But the growth was remarkably inhibited in the presence of 8.0% red ginseng extracts in skim milk. 2. Titratable acidity was more or less increased by addition of red ginseng extracts as compared with control except when the amount of 8.0% red ginseng extracts were added into skim milk. 3. No particular effect was observed in the growth of lactic acid bacteria in case of addition of saponins. But the remarkable inhibitory effect was observed in the skim milk with the amount of 1.2mg/ml the fractions extracted by ethyl ether from red ginseng extracts.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2022

In this study, we investigated the effects of Ginseng Radix (G), Rehmanniae Radix (R), and Fermented red-ginseng extracts (FRG) on cognitive function in scopolamine-induced memory-impaired mice. We measured the effects of G, R, and FRG on the improvement of memory and cognition via behavior analysis. In addition, we measured the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the hippocampus of each group of mice. The expression of β-amyloid, Tau, and BDNF in the brain tissues were observed through immunohistochemical staining. Ginseng Radix (G) and Fermented red-ginseng (FRG) have effectively improved cognitive function in the water maze test. Ginseng Radix (G), Rehmanniae Radix (R), and Fermented red-ginseng (FRG) have improved the willingness of mice to explore the new environment, as confirmed by Y maze test. In addition, immunohistochemical staining revealed that Ginseng Radix (G) decreased the expression of β-amyloid and Tau in the hippocampus. In addition, fermented red-ginseng (FRG) increased the expression of BDNF. Ginseng Radix (G), Rehmanniae Radix (R), and Fermented red-ginseng (FRG) have decreased the concentration of acetylcholinesterase in the hippocampus as compared with the control group of mice. In conclusion, Ginseng Radix (G), Rehmanniae Radix (R), and Fermented red-ginseng (FRG) are considered to have the potential for development as candidate drugs to control the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD).