• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.115-123
• /
• 1982

The systematic school dental health programmes have been recognized as one of the most effective national dental health measures. This study was conducted to estimate the number of dentists required for the systematic school dental programmes in Korea applying the methodology recommended by WHO. Information necessary for the study was obtained by a mass oral examination to the 1241 primary and middle school students in Kang Wha area. First and 6th grade students from primary school and 3rd year students from middle school were specifically selected for the examination. The results are summarized below: 1) For the Type I program recommended by WHO, 1.8 dentists per 10,000 primary school children were estimated to be necessary. For the Type II program 2.5 dentists, Type III program 2.0 dentists, Type IV program 3.6 dentists per 10,000 primary school children were estimated to be necessary. In order to extend the systematic school dental programmes to the middle students, 2.0 dentists for the Type I program and 2.4 dentists for the Type II program 2.2 dentists for the Type III program, 3.6 dentists for the Type IV program per 10,000 students were estimated to be necessary. 2) If we assume that prophylaxis are done by hygienist, for the Type I program 1.3 dentists and 0.5 hygienist, for the Type II program 1.8 dentists and 0.7 hygienist, for the Type III program 1.3 dentists and 0.7 hygienist, for the Type III program 2.2 dentists and 1.4 hygienists per 10,000 primary school students were estimated to be necessary. In order to extend this program to the middle school, 1.4 dentists and 0.6 hygienist for the Type I program, 1.6 dentists and 0.8 hygienist for the Type II program, 1.4 dentists and 0.8 hygienist for the Type III program, 2.2 dentists and 1.4 hygienist for the Type IV program per 10.000 students were estimated to be necessary.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.89-102
• /
• 2008

Because of the rapid industrialization and urbanization, urban dwellers are lack of opportunity to contact with nature, and hence alienated from it. In particular, primary school children who are very sensible to nature need more opportunities to learn nature by direct interactions with it. For this purpose, a movement for making and using ecological learning-place in play-ground within primary school. It has been found as a result of research on ecological learning-places in 7 primary schools in Daegu that such places, equipped with several ecological facilities, provide both pupils and local dwellers around schools with a place for ecological learning and for rest. But some of them have been left without care and hence can not be properly used, because of inappropriate site, insufficient facilities, and deficient programme for practical use. In conclusion, the paper reconfirms importance of ecological learning-place within grounds of primary school in terms of its educational, social and ecological effects, and suggests briefly some measures to encourage its construction and practical use.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.345-359
• /
• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to correlation between the index of dental caries in primary teeth and the habits of diet and snack which are expected to influence on the index. The subjects of this study were 165 parents of the children who visited a pediatric dental hospital located in Gyeong-gi do from Jun. 15th to Sep. 26th, 2009, and the self-report questionnaire survey was performed. Methods : A questionnaire used in a previous study was revised and completed for this study and it consisted of 15 items on general characteristic, nine items on dietary habit, and five items on snack intake habit. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS program and findings are as follows Results : 1. The index of dental caries in primary teeth by ages was that children of four years old has 4~5 with 27.5%, children of five years old has 2~3 and 4~5 with 33.3% and children of six years old has 1 and 8~9 with 25.6%, showing a statistically significant(${\chi}^2$=37.72, p<.01). 2. The frequency of brushing teeth was found to have statistically significant negative correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=61.20, p<.001). 3. The frequency of taking snack was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=51.42, p<.001). 4. The desirability of dietary habit was found to have statistically significant negative correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=36.51, p<.001). 5. The frequency of taking biscuit was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=67.74, p<.001). 6. The frequency of taking bread was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=29.63, p<.01). 7. The frequency of taking caramel and candy was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=38.85, p<.001). 8. The frequency of taking soft drinks was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=52.92, p<.001). 9. The frequency of taking ice-creams was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=75.07, p<.001). Conclusions : Those findings show that the children with undesirable dietary habit and higher frequency of taking snack have higher index of dental caries in primary teeth, therefore, it is considered that the regular brushing teeth and establishment of desirable dietary habit are very important for keeping health oral cavity. It is recommended that the continuous concern and repeated learning are needed in house and group of rearing infants so that the children take foods of fruits which have function of self-purification than the food of carbohydrates which has high adhesion and level of sweetness.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.161-180
• /
• 2011

This study aims to illustrate the value of teaching English drama in the course of teaching primary English and suggests a model for primary English drama in an English camp for Children. Drama is the world of assumption where language is used just like in real life. It has a positive effect on foreign language learning by encouraging the operation of certain psychological factors which facilitate oral communication. Dramatic techniques such as storytelling, role play, chant, song and games can be used in the EFL classroom to help bring about such results. Meanwhile, making a primary English drama in an English camp for Children would be practical mode to attain the essential purpose of EFL teaching particularly to get over the drawbacks of Korean students' communicative competence under the school's inflexible EFL education curriculum. In this paper, I will present the effectiveness of English drama and the skills for using it with ESL students and suggest some notes that can be used to reinforce the goals set out from the position of the teacher, student and teaching material. It is confirmed that the trained leader, students' affirmative attitude and systematic teaching materials are needed to maximize the effects of drama activities. In addition to that, there will be showed a model of instruction targeted to the primary students learning English in an English camp for Children.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
• /
• v.19 no.6 s.145
• /
• pp.535-540
• /
• 1981

In order to collect the basic data for planning school dental health programmes, the author had examined dental health conditions of 120 males and 120 females of Changgyung Primary School children in the first grade. The percentages of persons with conditions requiring immediate attention, toothbrushing times and daily frequency, df rate, df index, dt index, ft index, it index, DMF rate, DT index, MT index, FT index, IT index, DMFT index, percentages of persons with periodontal status in every of the four categories with soft deposits, calculus, intense gingivitis, and advanced periodontal involvement were calculated and evaluated. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Persons with requiring immediate attention was 7.1% of all the examined children. 2. The df rate was 88.3%, and df index was 3.4 teeth per person. And then the DMF rate was 17.1%, while DMFT index was 0.3 teeth per person. 3. As the periodontal status, the persons with soft deposits was 90.0% of children, calculus 26.3%, intense gingivitis 0.4%, and no advanced periodontal involvement. 4. Average toothbrushing frquency was 1.2 times in a day per person. But 71.5% of toothbrushing was performed before meals, while the others after meals.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.36 no.1 s.114
• /
• pp.84-90
• /
• 2006

The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of spaced, closed, and crowded primary dentitions by sex and arch in Korean children from Kanghwa, and to determine the frequency of the primate and developmental spaces. The differences in the mesiodistal crown diameters and the arch dimensions between the spaced, closed, and crowded primary dentitions were also evaluated. Dental casts of 102 preschool children (57 males and 45 females, aged $4{\sim}5$ years) were studied. The prevalence of spacing in the primary dentition was 63.2% In males and 57.8% in females. The frequency of spacing was greater in males than in females, and greater in the maxillary arch than in the mandibular arch. The crowns were significantly larger and the arches significantly narrower in closed and crowded dentitions than in those with spacing (p<0.05). The results showed that the prevalence of spacing was lower than that found in previous studies and the presence of spacing in the anterior region was related to the mesiodistal crown diameter and the intercanine width.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.211-217
• /
• 2022

Purpose: Outcomes between primary gastrostomy tubes and buttons (G-tube and G-button) have not been established in pediatric patients. We hypothesized that primary G-tube have decreased complications when compared to G-button. Methods: A retrospective review of surgically placed gastrostomy devices from 2010 to 2017 was performed. Data collected included demographics, outcomes and 90-day complications. We divided the patients into primary G-tube and primary G-button. Results: Of 265 patients, 142 (53.6%) were male. Median age and weight at the time of surgery were 7 months (interquartile range [IQR], 2-44 months) and 6.70 kg (IQR, 3.98-14.15 kg), respectively. Among the groups, G-tube had 80 patients (30.2%) while G-button 185 patients (69.8%). There were 153 patients with at least one overall complication within 90 days postoperative. There was no significant difference in overall complications between groups (G-tube 63.8% vs. G-button 55.7%, p=0.192). More importantly, there were no significant differences in major complications among the groups, G-tube vs. G-button (5% vs. 4%; p=0.455). Conclusion: Primary G-tube offers no significant advantage in overall, minor or major complications when compared to primary G-button.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.73-77
• /
• 1973

A study on the nutritional status for school-children has been carried out 1,700 school- children of Song-do primary school located in Song-do beach, Busan, Korea, from November to-December, 1972. The evaluation of the nutritional status has been carried out through skin-fold thickness and hemoglobin. The summarized results were as follows. : 1. Skinfolds thickness 1) Subcellular skinfolds thickness . Among boys, that was 3.5mm in the age 6 and 5.4mm in the age 11 Among girls, that was 4.2mm in the age 6 and 7.6mm in the age 11. Girls were thicker than toys in the all age. 2) Upper-arm skinfolds thickness Among boys, that was 5.0mm in the age 6 and 6.8mm in the age 11. Among girls, that was 6.2mm in the age 6 and 8.7mm in the age 11. Girls were thicker than toys in the all age. 3)Abdominal skinfolds thickness. Among boys, that was 4.0mm in the age 6, and 6.4mm in the age 11. Among girls that was 4.0mm in the age 0, and 8.4mm in the age 11. Girls were thicker than boys in the all age. 2. Hemoglobin Proportional range of hemoglobin were observed as 12.2-12.8 gm/㎗.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.21-35
• /
• 1994

Two hundred and sixty-six mothers with preschool and primary school children filled out TV diaries for three days around the TV turning-off campaign day initiated by YMCA. TV diaries were designed to record the TV programs watched by family members as well as the focused child's activities every 15 min. 121 families participated in the campaign voluntarily and 145 families served as the control group. The campaign group watched less than the control group even before the campaign day and differed in several family backgrounds primarily due to the difference of family members' ages in both groups. Despite participating in the campaign, 53.9％ of the families among the campaign group watched TV and 35.5％ of the children in these families watched TV on the campaign day. TV watching time measured by the questionnaire was significantly higher than the estimates by diary method. Participating children in the campaign increased in activities such as reading, indoor play, as well as video watching. In the campaign group, TV watching time on the next day of the campaign increased slightly than the day before it. Preschool and primary school children's activities as well as the watched TV programs were analyzed separately for two groups. In addition, total TV on-time and coviewing patterns by the focused child with the family members were analyzed in relation to the child's other TV watching patterns as well as their related variables.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.35-45
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to measure the static foot pressure distribution of children between forefoot and rearfoot, and the percentage of static pressure were measured from 1256 normal children in a primary school by the TPScan(Triple Pod Scan) systemCommercial system). The measurement were performed while standing with their comfortable state using the TPScan system. The static pressure distribution between forefoot and rearfoot was analyzed by paired t-test. The results were as follows: 1. The Pes cavus and Pes planus of students was 4.936%. 2. The Pes cavus were 42 children(3.343%) and Pes planus was 20 children(1.592%). 3. The Pes planus were seen in 42 of 1256 children with Grade I in 11 feet (26.2%), Grade II in 24(57.1%), Grade III in 6(57.1%), Grade IV in zero. 4. Pes planus and Pes cavus were significantly difference in foot pressure between forefoot and rearfoot(P<0.05). The future study needs detailed research and comparison with various variance between theses before and after correction.