The authors have examimed 349 primary school children with questionare in order to appraise the oral health educational levels, one month later after performing oral health education as direct education and indirect education with video film, and compared the data from 350 uneducated children. The obtained results were as followings ; 1. It was estimated that the direct and indirect oral health education for school children were effective for in creasing the knowledge levels of oral health. 2. It was revealed that such items of oral health education as preventive measure for caries, tooth brushing method, etiology of dental caries and etiology of malocclusion were more effective for increasing the knowledge levels, compared to uneducated group. 3. Tooth Brushing Method should be educated in practical, not only to school children but also school teachers. 4. It should be established the goals and items for oral health education in practical as national level.
This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and severity of infraoccluded primary molars (IPM) and their correlation with the agenesis of permanent successors (APS). A total of 4,011 panoramic radiographs from children aged 4 to 11 years who had all 8 primary molars were examined. The prevalence of APS was analyzed based on the severity and tooth type of IPM. The prevalence of IPM was 13.0%, and there was no difference between genders. The majority of the children had two IPMs each. In all tooth types, mild infraocclusion was the most prevalent, whereas severe infraocclusion was the least frequent. Among the types of primary molars, the lower primary first molar (62.3%) was the most affected, followed by the lower primary second molar (27.7%), the upper primary second molar (5.8%), and the upper primary first molar (4.2%). Infraocclusion was 11.2 times more prevalent in the mandible than in the maxilla, with no significant difference between the left and right sides. The correlation between IPM and APS was also investigated. Among the subjects, 177 had one or more agenesis of premolars, of whom 54 (30.5%) had IPM. Additionally, among the 521 individuals with IPM, 54 individuals exhibited APS (10.4%). This study identified a noteworthy prevalence of infraocclusion, with notable variations among molar types. The LPFM was particularly affected. The majority of cases were classified as mild in severity. Furthermore, a compelling association between IPM and APS was established. Understanding this connection may enhance treatment strategies for infraoccluded teeth and tooth agenesis.
Choi, Mi Suk;Chun, Ji Hye;Lee, Kyung Suk;Rha, Yeong Ho;Choi, Sun Hee
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
/
제58권12호
/
pp.478-483
/
2015
Purpose: Information on the clinical features of lung abscess, which is uncommon in children, at hospitalization is helpful to anticipate the disease course and management. There is no report concerning lung abscess in Korean children. We aimed to identify the clinical characteristics of pediatric lung abscess and compare the difference between primary and secondary abscess groups. Methods: The medical records of 11 lung abscess patients (7 males and 4 females) from March 1998 to August 2011 at two university hospitals were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical characteristics, symptoms, underlying disease, laboratory and radiologic findings, microbiological results, and treatments were examined. Results: Six patients had underlying structural-related problems (e.g., skeletal anomalies). No immunologic or hematologic problem was recorded. The mean ages of the primary and secondary groups were 2.4 and 5.3 years, respectively, but the difference was not statistically significant. The mean length of hospital stay was similar in both groups (22.8 days vs. 21.4 days). Immunologic studies were performed in 3 patients; the results were within the normal range. Most patients had prominent leukocytosis. Seven and 4 patients had right and left lung abscess, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and antimycoplasma antibodies were detected in both groups. Two patients with primary lung abscess were administered antibiotics in the absence of other procedures, while 8 underwent interventional procedures, including 5 with secondary abscess. Conclusion: The most common symptoms were fever and cough. All patients in the primary group were younger than 3 years. Structural problems were dominant. Most patients required interventional procedures and antibiotics.
This study examined the developmental characteristics of friends and disliked peers in 169 children and adolescents, including 44 preschool children, 43 primary school, 42 middle school, and 40 university students. Their descriptions of 2 same gender friends and 2 disliked same gender peers were categorized with an 81 category coding system. Comparisons across age and sex were made by a cross-tabulation test. Results showed that the reported characteristics of friends and disliked peers varied by age, but there was no sex difference. That is, younger children liked their friends because they played together, their friends were generous and attractive, but older children liked friends because they had some similarity, were reliable allies, caring and concerned. Younger children's disliked peers were aversive, aggressive and hyperactive while older children's disliked peers were dissimilar and snobbish.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in self-competence, social anxiety and depression in upper level primary school children. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 180 students in grades 5 or 6 (83 boys and 97 girls). The instruments used for this study were a self-report questionnaire, the Self-Perception Profile for Children, the Revised Social Anxiety Scales for Children (SASC-R) and a Depression Instrument. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression were used with the SPSS/PC ver 12.0 program. Results: The only gender difference was in depression and girls reported more depression than boys. Social competence showed significantly negative correlations with depression and social anxiety. Gender differences were found in self competence in the prediction of depression and social anxiety. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there are gender differences in self competence which influence depression and social anxiety. Thus, enhancing self-competence could prevent social anxiety and depression in children but, differences in gender should be considered when developing programs to enhance self-competence.
This study was carried out to analyze primary gifted education systems in Korea and China. The results of the research are as follows : (1) The objectives of the gifted children education of two countries are same. They intend to dig out hidden talent and giftedness of gifted children. They emphasize the development of creativity in the gifted children through the various special teaching methods. (2) Korea has been doing the gifted education limitedly focused on the 4th grade students in elementary school after regular school curriculum, but China has performed gifted education from primary school to university quite systematically. (3) Korea tend to select the students based on the objective sources such as teachers' observation, recommendation, school scores, but this has limit to find out the real potential genius. China has the similar problems, but they consider of the comprehensive talented and abilities in students at school unit level. (4) Both countries have the teacher training systems for study to make more efficient programs and methods in gited education. It has been emphasized the necessity of gifted education to expand the range and target. Most of all it is very essential to train the teachers to manipulate the gifted education programs. The government should be persue the multiplicity and professionality now. So there are so many things to learn from China since they managed the gifted education in a regular curriculum of the school.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze how social supports, such as family, teachers, and friends, affect the school adjustment of children who were abused by their parents, and suggest the interventional solutions in order to improve the social support system and school adjustment. 692 children, aged 4 to 6 in primary schools in Busan, were chosen for the survey and all of them are currently under children's service. Among the respondents, 485 children (70.1%) have experienced abuse, and neglect was the most frequent abuse experienced among them. Neglected children were influenced by teachers, families and friends' support in terms of social support for school adjustments. However, the emotionally abused children were influenced by families, teachers and friends in terms of social support for school adjustments. In addition, children who experienced physical abuse have been influenced by families and teachers'support. Support from friends has no meaning for them. As a result, this paper suggests that an effective interventional solution will be necessary for the school adjustment of abused children. The effective interventional solutions are firstly that neglected children require a high level of attention from their teachers and teachers should encourage parents with parental education and counseling to be helpful for their children. Secondly, emotionally abused children require strong family support through parents'education for child development and caring support programs. Finally, physically abused children need caring programs which develop supportive relationship skills both with parents and teachers for their adjustment in school.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of self-efficacy and health promotion behavior in obese elementary school children. Methods: The participants for this study were 280 students from seven elementary schools, located in Chonbuk Province. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and simple linear regression were used with SPSS WIN ver 15.0 Program. Results: The mean scores for self-efficacy and health promotion behavior were $2.95{\pm}0.60$ and $2.99{\pm}0.39$ respectively. There were significant positive correlations between health promotion behavior and self-efficacy (r= .614, p<.001). The main predictor of health promoting behavior in obese elementary school children was self-efficacy, which explained 37.7%. Conclusion: The findings from this study indicate a need to develop nursing intervention programs to health promotion behavior in obese elementary school children including the promotion of self-efficacy.
Restoration of skin reactivity to 1 TU of tuberculin (RT23) by repeated tests at 10 days interval has been investigated in the BCG vaccinated or unvaccinated primary school children. The results obtained are as follows. 1) Tuberculin reactors showing 6 mm or larger induration to the first tests were 20.0% in the first grade school children and 33.3% in the sixth grade children. Six millimeter or larger reaction than that of the first reaction was found in 14.9% of the first grade children and in 34.6% of the sixth grade children. 2) Six millimeter or larger reactors were 10.8% of the first grade children without BCG scar against both first and second tests and 11.8% of the sixth grade children on first tests and 10.6% on second tests. There was none or very few, if any, in number of 6 mm or larger difference between the first and second tests among children without BCG scar. In addition, there was no children shown 6 mm or larger second reaction than that of the first reaction and thus those reactors seemed to be natural infection. 3) From questionaire survey, parents of 73.3% of the first grade children and of 72.7% of the sixth grade children were aware of BCG vaccination of their children, while parents of 15.1% and 24.6% of the first and sixth grade children did not know their children's vaccination history even if children possessed BCG scar. 4) Of the first grade children whose parents remembered their BCG vaccination, 65.6% were vaccinated within 4 weeks after birth and 25.5% between 4 weeks and one year. Six millimeter or larger reaction on the first tests was observed in 20.2% of the former group and 15.9% of the latter group, however reactors on the second tests were 32.1% and 31.9% respectively. BCG scar was not observed in 13.9% of children. 5) The majority of children (87.3%) were vaccinated in the skin of deltoid area and some (7.7%) at buttock or other areas. Children received first vaccination at the health centers were 68.5% and 30.3% at hospitals. More than 5 mm reaction was found in 18.7% of the former children and in 15.0% of the latter children. From this study restoration of tuberculin reactivity by repeated tests was found very common among the vaccinated children and thus it should be taken into account for the vaccination policy if it is performed after tuberculin testing.
The purpose of this study was no investigate serum lipid levels of primary school children and to estimate their intakes of total fat and fatty acids. Subjects fasting blood samples were obtained and analyzed for serum triglycerides(TG), total cholesterol(Chol) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-Chol). Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-Chol), LDL-Chol/HDL-Chol ratio(LPH), and atherogenic index(AI) were calculated,. Dietary intake of nutrients was assessed by means of a 24-hour recall method using food models and other measuring tools . The serum levels of TG, Chol and LDL-Chol in girls were higher than those in boys, but the serum HDL-Chol level of girls was lower than that of boys. As the degree of obesity increased, the serum TG level of girls was lower than that of boys. As the degree of oesity increased , the serum TG level of girls increased. The serum LDL-Chol level was higher in obese boys than in normal ones. Percentage s of subjects at risk of cardiovascular disease based on corresponding criteria of TG, Chol,HDL-CHol and LDL-Chol were 25.9%, 7.6%, 20.7% and 10.1%, respectively. The serum TG level of children provided with the national school lunch program(NSLP) was lower than that of children without NLSP. The total fat intake of boys was higher than that of girls, but calorie-adjusted fat intake became similar between the two groups. Intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA) and saturated fatty acids(SFA) were 13.3$\pm$9.5g, 16.1$\pm$9.3g and 21.4$\pm$14.2g in boys, respecitively , and 12.6$\pm$11.3g, 15.3$\pm$9.7g and 19.9$\pm$13.1g in girls, respectively . The ratios of polyunsaturated /monoun-saturated /saturated /saturated fatty acids(P/M/S) in boys and girls were 0.7/0.8/1.0 and 0.8/0.8/1.0 respectively. The ratios of $\omega$6/$\omega$3 fatty acids in boys and girls were found to be 12.1 /1.0 and 8.6/1.0 , respectively. These results indicated the urgent need of nutritional education in primary schools to prevent further increase in childhood obesity and hyperlipidemia . Therefore, this study will contribute to the establishment of dietary guidelines and health recommendation for school children.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.