This paper presents a 'consequence analysis' for vapor cloud explosions caused by heavy gas leakages from commercially used storage tanks at petrochemical plants. Particularly, this paper emphasizes on evaluating the results of various vapor cloud explosion accidents from Butane storage tanks. Also this paper analyses the impact of variables on the accidents in order to acquire the optimum conditions for variables. $SuperChems^{TM}$ Professional Edition was applied to analyse the impact (If atmospheric and other variables in the situation where vapor cloud continuously disperses from the ground level. Under the assumption that practical operating conditions are selected as a standard condition, and Butane leaks from the storage tank for 15 minutes, the results show that the maximum distance of LFL (Lower Flammable Limit) was 52 meters and overpressure by the vapor cloud explosion was 1 psi at 128.2 meters. It is observed that the impact of the variables on accidental Butane storage tank leakage mainly varied upon atmospheric stability, wind velocity, pipe line size, visible length, etc., and changes in the simulation result occurred as the variables varied. The maximum distance of the LFL (Lower Flammable Limit) increased as the visible length became shorter, the size of the leak became larger, the wind velocity was decreased, and the climatic conditions became more stable. Thus, by analysing the variables that influence the simulation results of explosions of Butane storage tanks containing heavy gases, I am presenting the most appropriate method for 'consequence analysis' and the selection of standards for suitable values of variables, to obtain the most optimal conditions for the best results.
Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
/
v.36
no.3
/
pp.85-95
/
2008
The City of Seoul enforces the 'Median reserved bus lane', a revised public transportation system, in order to achieve both a faster and more convenient transit system. This study examines the visual image and preference of the median bus stops in accordance with the operation of the median reserved bus lanes. In order to evaluate and clarify the distinct landscape of each bus stop in a different environment, our team selected 3 representative bus stops with different environments on main roads and conducted landscape simulations so as to evaluate visual preference. The sites were on a narrow range road, wide width road in the downtown area and wide width road on the outskirts of the city. The preference degree for each selected bus-stop environment was compared. The comparison conditions were a median bus stop with preexisting landscape, a median bus stop with planted trees, and a landscape without a median bus stop. The results of the study can be Summarized as follows: First, the visual influence on median bus stops depends on the visual complexity of the environment where they are located. People had an affinity for the median bus stop in which the visual complexity was low, while the preference degree of median bus stop was low in a highly complex area. Secondly, regardless of regional environment where median bus stops are located, research showed that it is more "impressive" to have a median bus-stop with planted trees than landscape without a median bus stop. Thirdly, the median bus stop with plants highly preferred over one without moreover, the landscape with planted trees would provide a comfortable mind for people. This study reveals that planting-oriented design concepts in median bus stops exhibit significant differences in the preference assessment factors. Thus, for further median bus stop construction, planting is desirable to create an impressive streetscape and better scenic quality.
Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
/
v.37
no.2
/
pp.47-61
/
2009
The purpose of this study was to understand the laws related to the safety management of children's play facilities(LRSMCPF) including the "Safety Supervision Law of Children's Play Facilities(SSLCPF)" and the "Quality Management and Industrial Products Safety Management Law(QMIPSAL)", in order to analyze the problems by 4 phases-development of products, landscape design, landscape construction and maintenance considering landscape project procedure-and to propose a revision of the laws. The results are as follows: 1. The various LRSMCPF, SSLCPF and QMIPSAL, as basic laws for the safety management of children's play facilities, were insufficient regarding the features of children's play facilities and play spaces, which are both comparatively varied and complex. 2. In development of products, the one-year duration of safety certification based on QMIPSAL was too short and the procedure for safety certification were redundant in both products and plants inspection, and export and import product inspection. 3. The field inspection of construction sites based on SSLCPF was repeated with quality control and a consultation of rules based on "Construction Technology Management Law". 4. There are not enough safety inspection organizations regarding children's play facilities to meet the demand of safety certification, safety inspection, and safety education in the near future. 5. For children's play safety, the establishment of a general safety management system for children's play connected with the phases is needed to ensure safe play equipment, to construct safe playgrounds, and to manage play facilities. The criteria, regulations, and procedure regarding safety certification and safety inspection of play facilities must be revised efficiently and standardized to a global level as well. To improve the system and contents of safety certification and inspection, authorization of safety inspection organizations based on landscape architecture is needed. Further study will be required to concretely analyze in detail the laws, enforcement decrees and rules, and ordinances that consider the practical experience of professional landscape architects, inspectors, and lawyers.
There are many kinds of anti-oxidant materials in natural plant resources. The Siberian ginseng and Eucommia are well known as anti-oxidant and medicinal plants. To investigate the effect of their anti-oxidant-like activity on telomere quantity and egg quality, diets containing Siberian ginseng leaf and Eucommia leaf at 0.5% and 1% were given Hyline Brown commercial laying hens during two periods of age: 20 to 30 wks and 60 to 70 wks. The amount of telomere in lymphocyte, liver, ovary, heart and lung was analyzed by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization using telomeric DNA probe. Egg weight, albumin height, Haugh unit, egg yolk color, egg shell color, egg shell thickness, egg shell weight and egg shell density were measured to analyze egg quality. The chickens consuming diets Siberian ginseng and Eucommia had higher telomeric DNA in lymphocytes than control chickens in younger layers whereas no significant differences were detected in all target cells analyzed from older layers. Egg quality was increased in younger hens with dietary supplementation as determined by egg weight, albumin height and Haugh unit but there were no effects in older hens. These results imply that dietary supplementation of Siberian ginseng and Eucommia in layers improves bio-activity and egg quality at early laying stage.
This study was conducted to estimate the optimum application rate of fertilizer N based on $NO_3-N$ concentration in soils for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivation in plastic film house. Tomato plants were cultivated with and without fertilizer in twelve soils which have different concentrations of $NO_3-N$ ranging from 46 to $344mg\;kg^{-1}$. Dry weight (DW) of above-ground part of tomato with no fertilizer ranged from 28.9 to $112.5g\;plant^{-1}$, depending on N-supplying capability of soils. The soil $NO_3-N$ was positively correlated with DW ($r=0.83^{**}$) and N uptake ($r=0.78^{**}$) by tomatoes in no fertilizer treatment, and negatively correlated with fertilizer effciencies resulted from the differences of DW and N uptake between fertilized and non-fertilized plot. The relationships between soil $NO_3-N$ concentration and DW, N uptake, and fertilizer efficiency were analyzed to determine the critical levels of soil $NO_3-N$ for tomato cultivation. The limit critical levels of soil $NO_3-N$ were estimated to be more than $280mg\;kg^{-1}$ for no application of fertilizer N and to be less than $50mg\;kg^{-1}$ for recommended application of fertilizer N. These critical levels of soil $NO_3-N$ were nearly the same as those calculated from regression equation between electrical conductivity(EC) and soil nitrate for critical levels of EC in recommendation equation of fertilizer N for tomato under the plastic film house by NationaI Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology. Consequently, the optimal application rate of ferdilizer N for tomato cultivation in the soils containing $NO_3-N$ concentration between $280mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $50mg\;kg^{-1}$ was estimated by the equation Y = -0.4348X+121.74, where Y is the percent(%) to the recommended application rate of N fertilizer and X is the soil $NO_3-N$ concentration ($mg\;kg^{-1}$).
This study was conducted to understand the influence of soil compaction on root growth and nutrient uptake characteristics of the soybean roots grown in two soils with different texture. Tap root elongation was measured on young seedling grown in cores compacted to different bulk densities of 1.2, 1.4 and $1.6/cm^3$ with different soil water retention in laboratory. The soil used were Samgag sandy loam and Baegsan loam soils. The wet and dry weight, total length, average radius and total surface area of roots were measured on soybean plants grown in 1/5000 a Wagner pots compacted to different bulk density of 1.2 and $1.4g/cm^3$. The nutrient uptake of soybean shoot was measured and evaluated with the unit surface area of roots at the 7th, 17th and 27th days after germination. The results were as follows: 1. The tap root elongation rate was faster in the loam soil with low bulk density than in the sandy loam soil with high bulk density. The elongation rates were remarkedly decreased when soil water was lower than the retention of 4 bars in loam soil and that of 1 bars in sandy loam soil. 2. Tap root elongation rate sharply decreased as increased soil strength higher than $2kgf/cm^2$ measured by ELE penetrometer showing curvillinear regression. However, it was low regardless of soil strength when soil water retention was 10 bars in sandy loam soil. 3. From the pot experiment, the total length of roots were longer in loam soil than in sandy loam soil and was longer in the soils with lower bulk density. The average radius of fine roots grown in sandy loam soil was larger than that grown in loam soil. The total surface area of roots was greater in the loam soil with low bulk density than in the sandy loam soil with high bulk density as the total length of roots. 4. The amounts of nutrient uptake by soybean shoots were greater in loam soil primarily due to more production of dry matter than in sandy loam soil. The nitrogen influx rates through the unit surface area were 597 to $753nmoles/day-cm^2$ in loam soil and 222 to $365nmoles/day\;cm^2$ in sandy loam soilshowing higher value in higher bulk density. The potasium influx rates were 99 to $175nmoles/day-cm^2$, and those of phosphate were 26 to $46nmoles/day\;cm^2$. Those of Ca and Mg were 175 to 246 and 163 to $205nmoles/day\;cm^2$. The difference in nutrient influx rates between bulk densities of these elements were lower than that of nitrogen.
A manure compost has been identified as an alternative to fertilizer to increase soil fertility and crop production in farming fields. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of pig manure compost on soil properties and rice productivity as well as to determine the optimum application rate. In 1997, a field experiment was carried out to evaluate the growth of rice on sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils amended with 0, 5, 10, and $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of pig manure compost plus NPK, which decided by soil testing. Rice yields were higher in soils receiving manure compost amendment. The maxim um yields were evaluated with $7,520kg\;ha^{-1}$ in the levels of $4.2Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of pig manure compost application plus NPK in sandy loam, $7,320kg\;ha^{-1}$ in the levels of $10.7Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in loam, and $6,320kg\;ha^{-1}$ in $17.2Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in clay loam soil. The optimum application rate of pig manure compost, which decided for 95% of maximum yields, was $4.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in sandy loam and $7.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in loam and clay loam soils under the condition of chemical fertilization by soil diagnosis. An increase in rice yield indicated a better nutrient status in compost-amended soil which was supported by the higher nutrient contents of N, P and K in shoot of plants grown in soil with manure compost amendment. Addition of manure compost increased available phosphate, silicate and exchangeable K in the amended soils according to the rate of compost application rate. It can be concluded that the manure compost could be a suitable organic fertilizer for improving rice productivity and soil fertility, and an application rate of $4.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in sandy loam and $7.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in loam and clay loam soils would give the optimum rice yields in the standard fertilization by chemical fertilization.
This study was conducted to investigate changes in inorganic phosphorus fractions in phosphorus accumulated plastic film house soils under cropping condition. Pot experiment was conducted with surface soils taken from plastic film house fields cultivated for 3, 8 and 16 years. Phosphorus fertilizer was applied at the rates of 0 (P0), $100kg\;ha^{-1}$ (recommended application rate. P1) and $200kg\;ha^{-1}$ (P2) as fused phosphate. Crops were grown sequentially in the order of corn-Chinese cabbage-Chinese cabbage-corn for 3 years. The content of easily soluble-P fraction was decreased with cropping. There were significantly positive relationship not only between the contents of easily soluble-P and the amounts of soil available P ($r=0.839^{**}{\sim}0.952^{**}$ for Bray-1 P, $r=0.895^{**}{\sim}0.967^{**}$ for Lancaster P, and $r=0.491^{**}{\sim}0.821^{**}$ for Olsen P), but also between the amounts of P absorbed by plants and the amounts of easily soluble P decreased ($r=0.644^{**}{\sim}0.822^{**}$). The decrease of easily soluble-P during cropping period could be described by a first-order reaction. The number of cropping times needed to decrease the content of easily soluble-P to an index level of $0.2mg\;kg^{-1}$, which is commonly reported as the desired concentration for soil P, was predicted in the range of 26~33 cropping times by using the equations. Regardless of P fertilization, the proportion of Al-P to total P was little varied during cropping period, but the proportion of Fe-P to total P increased with cropping. Although the content of Ca-P was high before cropping, the proportion of Ca-P to total P was increased with cropping. The proportion of reductant soluble-P to total P was little varied for P fertilizer treatment but was increased for no P fertilizer treatment. The residual-P was decreased during cropping period due to the absorption by crops and the conversion to other inorganic P fractions.
This study was conducted to improve the seed germination by low temperature and $GA_3$ in $Orostachys$$japonicus$ A. Berger (Jirisan) and $O.$$iwarenge$ (Mak.) Hara (Jejuyeonhwa), Korean native plants. Observation of the seeds using a stereo microscope showed that all seeds of the two species have wrinkled surface and oblong shape. Seed size ranged 0.77-1.00/0.25-0.37 mm (length/width), indicating that the seeds are minute seeds. When the seeds of two $Orostachsis$ species were sown into petri-dish and placed in a plant growth chamber of 10, 15, 20, or $25^{\circ}C$, 'Jirisan' showed seed germination below 20% at all temperatures and 'Jejuyeonhwa' 80% at only $10^{\circ}C$. Seed germination of 'Jirisan' increased up to 44% at $10^{\circ}C$ by low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$) storage for 10 days, but decreased again at storage for more than 20 days. The seeds of 'Jejuyeonhwa' showed a large increase in seed germination by low temperature for 20-30 days, which was 95% at $10^{\circ}C$, but low temperature for more than 40 days significantly decreased seed germination. Dipping treatment in GA3 solution of $50-400mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for different periods (3, 6, 12, and 24 hrs) remarkably improved germination rate and speed in both species, 80-100% in 'Jirisan' and 90-100% in 'Jejuyeonhwa' at all concentrations and dipping times used in this study.
In order to understand more clearly the integration between N-assmilation and C-metabolism in relation to N fertilization, a pot experiment with 5 different level of N fertilization(0, 5, 10, 25, 50 mM NO$_3$$_{[-10]}$ ) was conducted in Manchester, U.K. The peas (Pisum sativum L., cv. Early Onward) were sown in vermiculate (5 cm depth) and cultivated for 6 days under temperature controlled dark room conditions ($25^{\circ}C$). The plants received frequent irrigation with a nutrient solution: it was fertilized every 2 days, 3 times a day at 10h, 13h, 16h respectively. Elevated NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ concentration, the activity levels of NR, NiR, total GS(crude extract), GS$_2$(plastid) in both root and shoot were increased and reached the peak in 5~25 mM, except NiR specific activity which increased its activity continually until 50 mM NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ treatment. Total activities of GS (crude extract) in both root and shoot became higher than those of GS$_2$(Plastid), and the activity ratios of total GS in the crude extract and GS$_2$ in the plastids were 3.0 to 4.3 in root, but 3.2 to 10.6 in shoot. It was concluded that the reductants and A TP from OPPP itself should be enough to achieve the high rate of NR, NiR, GS$_1$, GS$_2$ in plant root and shoot for reduction or assimilation of nitrogen, but these enzyme activities might be inhibited by an excess of NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ influx over the reduction capacity.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.