• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.43-48
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to measure cardiothoracic ratio and to report the opinions on it, targeting 500 persons who were conducted simple chest radiography, in terms of clinical symptom, by visiting a medical examination center for S university hospital. As to the general characteristic of 500 research targets, it comprised 263 persons (52%) for males and 237 persons (48%), and the average age is 49.4. Out of 500 persons, it showed 125 persons (25%) in their thirties, 125 persons (25%) in their forties, 125 persons (25%) in their fifties, and 125 persons (25%) in their sixties. 1. In terms of the wholly 500 targets, the average value of cardiothoracic ratio was 0.48, and the average cardiothoracic ratio showed 0.45 in their thirties, 0.46 in their forties, 0.50 in their fifties, and 0.53 in their sixties. 2. The minimum value of cardiothoracic ratio was 0.33, and its maximum value was 0.70, and it showed 319 persons (63.8%) as to a case lower than 0.5, which is a normal value, and 181 persons (36.2%) as to a case more than 0.5, which is a normal value. 3. Among 181 persons who showed cardiothoracic ratio higher than normality, it showed 17 persons (9.4%) in their thirties, 22 persons (12%) in their forties, 54 persons (30%) in their fifties, and 88 persons (49%) in their sixties. 4. The average for the internal diameter (ID) of thorax was 141.8 mm, 229.6 mm at the minimum, and 353.5 mm at the maximum. 5. The average for the maximum transverse diameter of right side of the heart (MRD) was 48.0 mm, 4.95 mm at the minimum, and 84.5 mm at the maximum. The average for the maximum transverse diameter of left side of the heart (MLD) was 93.5 mm, 56.7 mm at the minimum, and 138.5 mm at the maximum. 6. The average for TD (MRD+MLD) of the heart was 292.6 mm, 96.6 mm at the minimum, and 199.2 mm at the maximum. 7. The average of cardiothoracic ratio (MRD+MLD/ID) was 0.48, 0.33 at the minimum, and 0.70 at the maximum.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.375-381
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• 2015

Digital Radiography is a big part of diagnostic radiology. Because uncorrected digital radiography image supported false effect of Patient's health care. We must be manage the correct digital radiography image. Thus, the artifact images can have effect to make a wrong diagnosis. We report types of occurrence by analyzing the artifacts that occurs in digital radiography system. We had collected the artifacts occurred in digital radiography system of general hospital from 2007 to 2014. The collected data had analyzed and then had categorize as the occurred causes. The artifacts could be categorized by hardware artifacts, software artifacts, operating errors, system artifacts, and others. Hardware artifact from a Ghost artifact that is caused by lag effect occurred most frequently. The others cases are the artifacts caused by RF noise and foreign body in equipments. Software artifacts are many different types of reasons. The uncorrected processing artifacts and the image processing error artifacts occurred most frequently. Exposure data recognize (EDR) error artifacts, the processing error of commissural line, and etc., the software artifacts were caused by various reasons. Operating artifacts were caused when the user didn't have the full understanding of the digital medical image system. System artifacts had appeared the error due to DICOM header information and the compression algorithm. The obvious artifacts should be re-examined, and it could result in increasing the exposure dose of the patient. The unclear artifact leads to a wrong diagnosis and added examination. The ability to correctly determine artifact are required. We have to reduce the artifact occurrences by understanding its characteristic and providing sustainable education as well as the maintenance of the equipments.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.313-321
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• 2016

Placenta accrete patients whose mother mortality rates are rather high due to massive bleeding during childbirth need to have Prophylactic placement of Internal Iliac Artery Balloon Occlusion Catheters procedure to reduce amount of blood loss and inoperative transfusion. Nevertheless, studies for mothers inevitably exposed to dose during PIIABOCs procedure have not been published many yet. Therefore, this study is to investigate exact information on radiation dose exposed to fetus during PIIABOCs procedure. Average effective dose of fetus per organ is 2.38~8.83 mGy, measured highest at beam center and followed by eyeball, stomach and bladder. The result showed that the longer fluoroscopy time is used, the closer beam center is and the thicker abdominal thickness is, the more effective dose on fetus is increasing. When using the collimator and protection shown to decrease the effective dose and when using higher the patient table shown to decrease the effective dose. It has been reported that the threshold of deterministic effect is about 100mGy. Deterministic effect was regarded as a factor that would influence on fetus exposed by medical radiation than stochastic effect. Consequently, it concluded that dose exposed on fetus in PIIABOCs procedure was approximately 10% of threshold of deterministic effect with effective dose of 0.49~18.27 mGy.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.363-367
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• 1993

A retrospective analysis was peformed on 42 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix who were treated with external beam (EB) radiation therapy alone at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital from March 1979 to December 1988. After whole pelvic field irradiation of 50Gy, all the patients received additional booster dose of 12-22Gy to the primary tumor Thirty one received EB radiotherapy alone because of poor geometry for intracavitary application,5 because of medical problems and 6 because of other reasons. Five year locoregional control rate and five year survival rate were $34.5\%\;and\;35.4\%,$ respectively. Five year survivals were $66.7\%,\;36.4%,\;32.8\%\;and\;25.0\%$ for stage IIA, IIB, IIIB and IVA, respectively. The response one month after treatment well correlated with prognosis. The incidence of grade 2 and 3 complication was $12\%\;and\;10\%,$ respectively. There was tendency of increased complication with advanced stage.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 1990

The regulation of neurotoxicants has usually been based upon setting reference doses by dividing a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) by uncertainty factors that theoretically account for interspecies and intraspecies extraploation of experimental results in animals to humans. Recently, we have proposed a four-step alternative procedure which provides quantitative estimates of risk as a function of dose. The first step is to establish a mathematical relationship between a biological effect or biomarker and the dose of chemical administered. The second step is to determine the distribution (variability) of individual measurements of biological effects or their biomarkers about the dose response curve. The third step is to define an adverse or abnormal level of a biological effect or biomarker in an untreated population. The fourth and final step is to combine the information from the first three steps to estimate the risk (proportion of individuals exceeding on adverse or abnormal level of a biological effect or biomarker) as a function of dose. The primary purpose of this report is to enhance the certainty of the first step of this procedure by improving our understanding of the relationship between a biomarker and dose of administered chemical. Several factors which need to be considered include: 1) the pharmacokinetics of the parent chemical, 2) the target tissue concentrations of the parent chemical or its bioactivated proximate toxicant, 3) the uptake kinetics of the parent chemical or metabolite into the target cell(s) and/or membrane interactions, and 4) the interaction of the chemical or metabolite with presumed receptor site(s). Because these theoretical factors each contain a saturable step due to definitive amounts of required enzyme, reuptake or receptor site(s), a nonlinear, saturable dose-response curve would be predicted. In order to exemplify this process, effects of the neurotoxicant, methlenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), were reviewed and analyzed. Our results and those of others indicate that: 1) peak concentrations of MDMA and metabolites are ochieved in rat brain by 30 min and are negligible by 24 hr, 2) a metabolite of MDMA is probably responsible for its neurotoxic effects, and 3) pretreatment with monoamine uptake blockers prevents MDMA neurotoxicity. When data generated from rats administerde MDMA were plotted as bilolgical effect (decreases in hippocampal serotonin concentrations) versus dose, a saturation curve best described the observed relationship. These results support the hypothesis that at least one saturable step is involved in MDMA neurotoxicity. We conclude that the mathematical relationship between biological effect and dose of MDMA, the first step of our quantitative neurotoxicity risk assessment procedure, should reflect this biological model information generated from the whole of the dose-response curve.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.582-586
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• 2007

A 48-year old male patient visited our hospital with uncontrolled hypertension and pair of the left leg. CT angiography shows atherosclerotic occlusion of both renal artery orifices and the left common iliac artery. Despite of medical treatment for 2 months, the clinical condition of the patient worsened. We performed the surgical revascularization with both renal arteries and aorto-left femoral artery bypass with using an 8 mm artificial vascular graft. He lived well without hypertension with using only angiotensin receptor blocker and an anticoagulant for 10 postoperative months. Using surgical revascularization for renovascular hypertension has decreased due to the development of intervention technology and medication, but this surgery is indicated in cases of renovascular hypertension with extensive atherosclerotic lesions. We report here on a case of surgical revacularization for medically Intractable atherosclerotic renovascular hypertension together with left common iliac artery occlusion.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2006

In this study, we examined the effects of molecular weight, concentrations and treat the duration of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in vitro maturation (IVM) medium (Experiment 1), and the effect of PVP in IVM, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro culture (IVC) medium on the development and cell number of porcine embryos (Experiment 2). The base mediums were NCSU 23 solution for IVM, mTBM solution for IVF and PZM3 solution for IVC. In experiment 1, the development rates to 2 cell and blastocyst stage were not differ from the different molecular weight (MW), concentration and duration of PVP in IVM medium. However, the hatching rate of blastocyst was significantly higher in the group of MW 40,000, 0.5% and $0{\sim}44hr$ than in the other groups (p<0.05). In experiment 2, the results of IVM, IVF and IVC medium with (W) or without (W/O) 0.5% MW 40,000 PVP are follows. The development rate to 2 cell stage was highest in the group of W-W/O-W (p<0.05). The development rate to blastocyst and hatching rate was higher in the group of W-W/O-W and W-W/O-W/O than that of other treatments (p<0.05).

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2011

Purpose: The Assessing Care Of Vulnerable Elders project has developed indicators for the quality of the end-of-life (EOL) care. However, family members of cancer patients may have a different view on the quality indicators (QIs) established by health care experts. We evaluated the QIs from the family members' perspective. Methods: The information used in this study was gathered by surveying family members of cancer patients who were admitted to the inpatient hospice ward in Korea. A cross-sectional anonymous questionnaire was distributed to 120 potential respondents from July to October 2009. We included 69 responses in this study (effective response rate, 57.5%). Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS for Win ver. 14.0, with independent t-test and Pearson's chi-square test. Results: Among QIs for good hospice care, families agreed the most on "Medical examination by the palliative care team or specialist" (88.4%) and "Dying in the family's presence" (88.4%). They agreed the least on "Discussing cardiopulmonary resuscitation with patients" (15.9%). Among QIs for bad hospice care, "Occurrence of fall or pressure ulcer are undesirable" showed the highest agreement rate (94.2%). The lowest agreement rate was 11.6% on "Dying in the hospital is undesirable." In addition, women, patients who were aware of their prognoses, and people with a high socioeconomic status tended to agree more on the QIs. Conclusion: Patients' families did not agree on some of the QIs recommended by previous studies. Family members' characteristics were related to their opinions on QIs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1004-1008
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of uniconazole (Sumiseven), an existing expensive growth retardant, and diniconazole (Binnari), used as a cheap germicide, on the growth and flowering of Vinca major and Salvia splendis for the possibility of substitution for expensive growth retardants. The growths of V. major and S. splendis were retarded by Binnari treatment. The effect of Binnari 100 mg/l treatment was higher than that of Sumiseven 5 mg/l treatment in both plants. The length of leaves was remarkably retarded by Binnari treatment, however, the width of leaves was only slightly retarded, giving the leaf a round shape. The number of days to flowering was increased by Binnari treatment in both in V. major and S. splendis. The number of days to flowering in V. major showed no significant difference compared to the control except by treatemtn with Binnari 400 mg/l. The number of florets of S. splendis increased with treatment with Binnari 100 and 200 mg/l.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.212-218
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• 2010

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine proportions of upper third gastric cancer (UTG) among all gastric cancers and analyze clinicopathological features of the disease. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 12,300 patients who underwent gastric surgery between 1986 and 2006 at Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) were retrospectively reviewed. Clinicopathological features of 1,260 patients with UTG and 9,929 patients with middle or lower third gastric cancer (MLG) were compared, and annual proportions of UTG were evaluated. Results: The proportion of patients with UTG rapidly increased from 2.6% in 1986 to 12.5% in 1992. However, linear regression analysis showed that the rate of increase was reduced (0.21%/year) after 1992 (12.5% to 14.2% from 1992 to 2006). Compared with the MLG group, the UTG group had a lower proportion of (22.3% vs. 39.7%, P<0.001) and a greater proportion of stage III/IV disease (39.4% vs. 31.7%, P<0.001). The UTG group also had larger tumors than the MLG group in stages I/II and III (3.5 cm/5.3 cm/6.5 cm vs. 3.2 cm/5.0 cm/5.8 cm, P=0.020/0.028 /<0.001), a higher proportion of undifferentiated cancer (63.1% vs. 53.7%, P<0.001), and less intestinal Lauren's type (38.8% vs. 47.4%, P<0.001). The 5-year survival rate of the UTG group was significantly lower than that of the MLG group in stages I/II and III (85.6%/63.1%/34.2% vs. 91.6%/ 69.2%/44.7%, P<0.001/0.028/0.006). Conclusions: The proportion of UTGs has increased over the last two decades at SNUH, but the rate of increase has been greatly reduced since 1992. The UTG group showed a poorer prognosis compared with the MLG group in stages I/II and III.