• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.770-775
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• 2007

Although these days application of heat recovery ventilation and improved kitchen ventilation system came into wide use in mixed-use residential buildings and exclusive residences, there are not enough ventilation systems except the local ventilation of kitchens and rest rooms. It is very important part to regulate and distribute correct air flow rate for controlling air change rate. The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of distributor at house ventilation system by comparing a duct system with out distributor and with distributor. The results of this study are as follows. (1) When using distributor though the size of duct diameter is reduced rapidly, the pressure loss doesn't rise largely. The pressure loss without distributor is 4.08 mmAq, the pressure loss with distributor 4.10 mmAq. (2) To use distributor can reduce materials of duct and secure enough ceiling space by reducing duct diameter. (3) Diameters and air flow paths of distributor on the design stage are important part for accurate air flow rate.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.279-284
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• 2009

Traditionally, so-called "industrial waste gases", such ad exhaust from boilers at industrial installations and a large quantity of soot discharged from power station, before their release into the atmosphere, have been on occasion subjected to an air cleaning process to remove fine particles that may pollute the atmosphere (such as mist and dust containing various powdery or oily substances and moisture from industrial waste gases). The release of industrial waste gases containing these particles directly into the atmosphere poses a serious threat to the earth environment; and recovery of these noxious substances is required by law in some countries and local governments. in urban areas, air pollution from automobile exhaust and others creates a serious condition. Some homes are equipped with and use indoor air purifiers. In many of the kitchens of restaurants, smoke generated during cooking and otherwise contaminated air are cleansed by air purifiers before being released outside or recycled inside. For the dust collecting devices to recover the fine particles contained in contaminated air, the cause for air pollution and how to purify air, many types based on various principles are known. Specifically, classified based on theories of particle collection, filtration, gravity, inertia, centrifugation, electricity, and cleaning types are cited as available processes. Among them, an appropriate type is selected according to the size or type of fine particles to be collected and conditions for installation. For the efficiency of dust collection, a filtration system (by using bag filters and others) and electric system are particularly outstanding and are therefore used widely in various areas of industry. In this research, rotary type high performance oil mist and smoke collecting system with self auto cleaning device equipped with the cleaning fluid spraying section is investigated.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.192-200
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the levels of job satisfaction and self-evaluated foodservice quality of dietitians in elementary schools. Out of 130 questionnaires distributed to the elementary school dietitians in In-cheon, 127 were returned and analyzed (98% response rate). The questionnaire included two multiple-item scales for measuring job satisfaction and foodservice quality, respectively. All the items in the scales were coded 1 to 5 for certainly no, no, neutral, yes, and certainly yes and grouped by using factor analyses. Most of the responding dietitians were working for schools in urban areas and had independently-managed on-site kitchens. The 23 items measuring job satisfaction were grouped into 4 factors: Job Duty, Job Condition, Physical Work Environment, and Organizational Environment. The satisfaction score was the highest for Organizational Environment with a value of 3.38 and the least for Physical Work Environment with a value of 2.08. The 22 items measuring foodservice quality were grouped into 5 factors and the mean scores of the levels of Cleanliness, Internal Food quality, External Food quality, Intangible Service Environment and Tangible Service Environment were 4.20, 3.89, 3.54, 3.45 and 2.64, respectively. The levels of job satisfaction and foodservice quality were positively associated with a correlation coefficient of 0.288 (p < 0.01). In particular, the level of job satisfaction was positively associated with foodservice quality in the aspect of Cleanliness, Internal Food Quality, and Intangible Service Environment. The results show that improving dietitians' job satisfaction could contribute to increasing the levels of foodseivice quality of elementary schools.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1155-1169
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Unhealthy food choices among young adults are common globally, and the incidence of chronic diseases, such as obesity, is rising. Food literacy (FL) is important for improving and maintaining individual health in a rapidly changing food environment and can form the basis for following a sustainable diet. Therefore, it is essential to improve FL among young adults, particularly college students, who are in the formative years of their lifelong food habits. This study examined the facilitators and barriers of FL and related dietary behavior among college students in South Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study recruited 25 college students with different residence types using convenience and snowball sampling. In-person, telephone, and video interviews were conducted from March to November 2021. The interview data were analyzed using framework analysis based on the socio-ecological model. RESULTS: At the individual level, prior good experiences with food were the most frequently mentioned facilitator. In contrast, the major barriers were a lack of knowledge, financial hardship, irregular schedules, and academic stress. At the interpersonal level, the influences of family and peers, such as early exposure to healthy eating habits and opportunities to have easy accessibility to farms and farming, are major facilitators, but the lack of a sense of community was the major barrier. At the environmental level, the major barriers were unfavorable food environments at home and in neighborhoods, such as the absence of kitchens in housing and large packaging of produce at markets. CONCLUSIONS: Many factors affected the students' FL and related healthy eating practices. These findings suggest that a campus-based FL program should be developed by reflecting on these facilitators and barriers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.278-285
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• 2013

We investigated foodservices and levels of their satisfaction from parents of children in kindergartens with and without dietitians. Foodservice facilities consisted of kitchens and cafeterias for all kindergartens with a dietitian (KWD) and only kitchens for all kindergartens without a dietitian (KWOD) (p<0.001). Children consumed lunch in a lunchroom for all KWD and in a classroom for all KWOD (p<0.001). The person in charge of the diet menu was a dietitian for all KWD and a director for 52.2% of KWOD (p<0.001). About 48% of total kindergartens were served different amounts according to the child's age and body size. About 30% of parents from total kindergartens responded that a difficulty of foodservice management was children's safety while distributing the lunch. The majority of respondents claimed that foodservices need a more balanced menu and active instructions on proper dietary habits. Parents who visited and participated in foodservice were significantly higher from KWD than KWOD. Also, the desire to participate in foodservices was significantly higher in the parents from KWD (p<0.01). Sixty one percent of parents from KWD and 19% of parents from KWOD considered foodservices when choosing a kindergarten (p<0.001). The satisfaction in foodservices of parents from KWD was significantly higher from all points of view in terms of the quality of foodservice, nutrition, and hygiene. In conclusion, we found that foodservices and their levels of satisfaction from parents of kindergartens with dietitians were better and higher than those without dietitians. Therefore, all kindergartens should consider having a dietitian exclusively in charge of foodservices.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.5-22
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• 1969

The urban population of our country is rapidly increasing due to many factors of social structure, and sociologists are predicting that the increase rate of the urban population will be over 50% in 1980's. Above all, the population of the capital city of Seoul, is at present more than four millions. Such centring of people in cities, together with the improvement of the standards of living, caused rapid increase in the amount of fuel consumption, and this consumption of fuels became one of the primary sources of the air pollution in cities. Moreover, the heavy traffic, construction of many tall buildings, and the increasing number of new factories due to the industrial development-all these are contributing to make the matter of air pollution worse and worse in the Metropolitan, whose geographical location is quite unfavorable considered from the view point of air pollution. Most homes in Seoul use briquet as fuel, while oils are used in tall buildings. The CO, $SO_2$, and smoke that come from burning of these fuels are a great threat to the health of the urban population. With the purpose of examining the influence of air pollution upon the public health, written inquiries were made upon respiratory diseases, and the carboxyhemoglobin saturation in the blood was measured to determine whether the air pollution may affect the health of the urban population. Method of Health Examination (1) Investigation of Respiratory Diseases Patients' records were examined to figure out the monthly ambulance rate of respiratory patients to the total number of patients treated. On the other hand, by using the questionnaire form approved by the Medical Research Council's Committee on Research into Chronic Bronchitis, investigators interviewed the examinees and inquired into the respiratory symptoms. (2) Measuring of Carboxyhemoglobin Saturation From the ear lobe of the examinees, with the use of the melangeur for the white blood cell counting, blood was taken, and after diluting it ten times with 0.1% $Na{2}CO_{3}$, again diulting it 20 times with 0.5% $Na_{2}\;CO_{3}$, its absorbancy was measured. The following results are obtained from the investigation. (1) It was found out that 7.7% of the total patients under treatment were suffering from upper respiratory infection, acute or chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pulmonary emphysema and bronchiectasis. Of them all, patients with upper respiratory infection numbered the greatest with 4.8% and patients with acute or chronic bronchitis the next with 2.1%, and their monthly ambulance rate was high from December to February during the winter, and from April to May and from September to October during the changeable seasons. (2) The daily ambulance rate of respiratory patients, it was revealed, had a close connection with the concentration of $SO_2$ and CO in the air. (3) It was found out that men were more subject to respiratory disease than women, and both men and women were more liable to the diseases with the advancing of age. (4) People living at Choong-ku with the heavy traffic and in the industrial zones of Yeungdungpo had high frequency of respiratory symptoms. (5) Considered from the view point of occupations, high frequency was found among those without job, with jobs unknown, merchants and intdustrial workers, whose social status was rather low and traffic policemen who were always exposed to the exhaust gas of cars. As for women, the frequency was detected in the order of those from high to low, housewives who were exposed to briquet gas, women with jobs unknown, women without jobs, whose social status was low. (6) Ex-smokers rather than smokers, of both sexes, had higher frequency. As for men, heavy smokers had high frequency, while in women light smokers had rather high frequency which was presumed to be due to their average old age. (7) Men's average of carboxyhemoglobin saturation was 9.48%, while women's was 11.3%, higher than men's. (p<0.05). Age meant no difference in the case of men, but as for women, the saturation was remarkably high between the ages from 20 to 60. (8) No regional difference was detected in the carboxyhemoglobin saturation. (9) The carboxyhemoglobin saturation was found, in the case of men, in the order of office workers, traffic policemen, students, the unemployed, merchants and industrial workers, drivers; and as for women, the order was housewives, office workers, merchants and industrial workers. (10) No significant correlation was found between the carboxyhemoglobin saturation and the concentration of CO detected in kitchens, or between the carhoxyhemoglobin saturation and the passing of time after exposure to briquet gas. No difference of carboxyhemoglobin saturation was detected between smokers and non-smokers, and the degrees of smoking; only, significant negative correlation was found between the passing of time after smoking and the carboxyhemoglobin saturation. It is ture that air pollution causes or aggravates the respiratory diseases, increases the carboxyhemoglobin saturation in the blood, but what seems to be more hazardous to the health is the air polluted by the briquet gas in the kitchens and on-dol rooms rather than the atmospheric air pollution.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.63-82
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• 1987

This is the forth consecutive study on the 'Standardization of Measurement for Korean Kitchen Work Centers and Cabinets for Future Design Criteria'. The purpose of the present research was (1) to classify homemakers' representative like styles related to the kitchen, (2) to examine homemakers' present concerns on the kitchen space, and (3) to investigate homemakers' desire and preference on the kitchen space. Twenty two hundred homemakers of upper and middle class residing in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju and Daejeon were selected for the survey and 1,843 among them were used for data analysis. Data were selected for the survey and 1,843 among them were used for data analysis. Data were analyzed using the SAS program package. The statistics used were frequency, percentage, mean, factor analysis, F-test, Duncan's multiple range test, X2-test, cluster analysis. Findings from the research as follows: (1) Four factors were found as indicaters of the life style; values on the household work, desire on social function of the kitchen, degree on cooperation of family members on the household work, and convenient management. It was noticeable that homemakers had positive responses in terms of desire on social function of the kitchen and degree on cooperation of family members on the household work. Homemakers' life styles related to the kitchen space were classified into 6 categories. (2) Relatively a few respondents answered that the kitchens were very well furnished. If, however, the economic conditions become better, substantial number of them wanted to invest for better kitchen following the one for living room. (3) It was found that most respondents preferred the arrangement of space, where dining and kitchen in one space, and a hard wall or soft treatment was between living and dining/kitchen area. (4) Many respondents desired pantry, utility and laundry area be near the kitchen or in the same space with it, thereby forming a utility core in a housing space.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 2009

This study was undertaken to develope a semi-cooked pork using oven to provide a more convenient recipe for food service systems. Pork sliced 2 or 4 mm thick prepared with a Korean traditional kochujang sauce was broiled in an oven, steam oven or on a pan. 4 mm-thick meat that was broiled in oven for 4 min at $170^{\circ}C$, obtained higher scores in sensory and color evaluations. In labor-concentrated food service kitchens, the inner temperature of the pork at $85^{\circ}C$ provoked the highest satisfaction. The assessments of color L was ordered as steam oven, oven and pan broiling. And a- and b-values of oven broiling were higher than those of the steam oven or pan broiling. The color values of the steam oven-broiled pork sliced 4 mm-thick were significantly higher than those of the pan-broiled (p<0.05). In sensory evaluation, the taste score of steam oven was better than other broiling with significant differences. Furthermore pork broiling in oven was tender with low score in cohesiveness and chewiness. Overall acceptability was ordered as pan, steam oven, and oven broiling. Thus it was expectable that international Korean traditional food can be made using oven for food service system. For the diversity of the menu in food service, however it need to develope the more convenient and simpler recipes with semi-cooked Korean food.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.55-69
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• 2011

Use of disposer at the kitchens of Korean apartments is inevitable in treating their foodwaste having a water content of more than 80%. Also we have to ensure that this extra disposer-foodwaste BOD loadings be treated properly by installing/operating a pre-treatment system before this wastewater enters public sewer system. However, the degree of BOD removal should not be excessive since a BOD/N ratio higher than 5 is required for removing N/P at a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The removal of BOD/N in the pretreatment system rather than BOD alone can be an alternative solution in solving this problem. The particles separated by sedimentation, screen or packed-bed can be anaerobically digested at apartment sites to generate biogas that can be used for simple digester heating and to generate volatile fatty acids (VFAs) for nitrogen removal. We suggest that Korean government grants a temporary license (say for 5 years) to foodwaste treatment companies in collaboration with apartment construction companies which may do business and develop various kinds of disposer-foodwaste treatment systems in diverse wastewater discharge systems of Korean apartments.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.95-104
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• 2014

Today, the number of the elderly living alone without any family members is on a sharp rise, and those aged people living alone are making these social issues such as solitary death, depression and suicide more popular. In order to resolve the issues, some of the local governments have been supporting the elderly living alone in common houses that would be used by senior citizens only. This study became interested in this 'carnation house' which has been carried out targeting the elderly living alone in Gyeonggi-do, and selected elementary universal design factors that should be applied to general residential environments of the aged people and analyzed the factors. As a case study, this research investigated four carnation houses as research subjects and came up with these following ideas about how to make improvements. First, the study found out that all the entrances did not have raised letters and that UD has not been satisfactorily applied to both the thresholds and the effective widths, and that is considered something to be fixed. Second, in case of regular rooms and living rooms, none of the rooms failed to have safety doorknobs which should have been installed and plus, thresholds and stepped pulleys need to be removed, Third, it goes the same with the kitchens, and the thresholds should be eliminated while cabinets are secured. In addition, furniture that understands the elderly's measurements should be used. Fourth, in terms of restrooms, they should be designed to be spacious enough not to cause anyone in wheelchairs inconvenience, and the study suggests that the effective widths should be widened and that both the safety doorknobs and the emergency calls must be installed. Basically, after the test on the UD adaptability, the study concluded that the application rates in connection with the adaptability were low which led the study to assume that such result has been gained due to the lack of installation standards in relation to the common living facilities of the elderly. The study now argues that purposes of buildings should be first clarified and then, these detailed space planning guidelines that deal with general characteristics of the aged people should be established.