• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.9-23
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• 1968

A survey was conducted by the staff of the College of Medicine and School of Public Health, Seoul National University in cooperation with Seoul Special City from 1 December 1967 through 28 February 1968, on such events as delivery, death, abortion and pregnancy. The survey directed to a total population of 47,811 residing in 9,157 households led us to the following findings: 1. Two year averages of crude birth rate, crude death rate and natural increase rate were 30.1, 5.6 and 24.5, respectively. 2. Of all deliveries, home and hospital deliveries constituted 61.1 per cent and 35.5 per cent, respectively. 3. Deliveries other than hospital deliveries were found to be attended more often by mother-in-laws (26.5 per cent) than by doctors or midwives(23.4 per cent). 4. About 51 per cent of all women having experiences in pregnancy during the last two years had an experience of consulting a doctor at least one time throughout whole period of pregnancy. 5. In most cases scissors were used to cut umbilical cords, of which 71.0 per cent were not sterilized and only 20.3 per cent sterilized. 6. In many cases placenta was incinerated(48.2 per cent) and on many other occasions it was thrown away into water(28.3 per cent). 7. Cement bags(37.4 per cent), gauze and absorbent cotton(29.8 per cent) were found to be most frequently used to receive new-born babies. 8. In 1966 8. 8 per cent of the women had at least one abortion induced and in 1967 the percentage was 9.2 per cent. 9. Nearly all(95.8 per cent) of the induced abortions reportedly were done at doctor's clinics. 10. Of all the abortions induced 65.3 per cent were done by specialists in obstetrics, 30.3 per cent by general practitioners and 2.7 per cent by midwives. 11. Those who experienced spontaneous abortions were 1.9 per cent of all women both in 1966 and 1967. 12. About 9.2 per cent of women investigated were found to be currently pregnant. 13. Age specific death rate turned out to be highest among those under 1 year of age. 14. Ten major causes of death in their order of frequency were: 15. Places of death can be classified into homes(75.3 per cent) and hospitals(13.2 per cent). 16. Method of disposing of corpses comprised burials(54.2 per cent) and cremations(44.6 per cent). 17. Infant, neonatal and hebdomadal mortality rates have been computed at 32.2, 18.9 and 13.7, respectively. 18. Infants were found to have died either at homes(81.5 per cent) or at hospitals(18.5 per cent). 19. Birth registrations had been done for about 18.5 per cent of the dead infants.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.1 s.41
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• pp.110-125
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• 1993

This study was designed to determine whether non-violent criminal and normal control on the basis of concentration of levels of trace mineral and toxic metal by analysis of human scalp hair. The subjects were selected 87 nonviolent criminal from a prison population and 120 normal control from periodic health checks for study. Hair samples were taken from the napes and Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI) was performed also. Five trace mineral (Zn, Cu, Mg, Fe, Na) and two toxic metal (lead, cadmium) contents were determined by an atomic absorption spectrometer. The contents of zinc and magnesium in hair of non-violent criminal were significantly lower than the control group (p<0.01). In the case of lead and cadimum, mean value of criminal group was significantly higher than control group. Significantly higher T-score of MMPI was seen in non-violent criminal group fur psychopathic deviate (Pd), paranoia scale (Pa), and Mania scale (Ma) than control group, but T-score of depression scale (D) was significantly higher in the control group. In the non-violent criminal group, the content of copper inversely proportion to T-score of Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Mf, Pa, Pt, Sc, Si except Ma, also Zinc inversely proportion to T-score of Hy, Mf, Pa, Pt. These results suggest that difference of some hair mineral contents exist between criminal and normal control group. Thus further studies are necessary to determine whether violent and nonviolent criminal group attributed biochemical imbalance with carefully constructed and controlled studies.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.3 s.43
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• pp.457-468
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• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate the repeat test rate for diagnosis at a tertiary hospital for the outpatients who were referred themselves to the hospital by the clinics and other medical facilities. The study population consisted of 498 patients who visited outpatient department of internal medicine, general surgery, orthopedic surgery and neurosurgery in the hospital between March 16 and April 11, 1992. This study was surveyed by the questionnaire about the tests for diagnosis at first level medical facilities, and then, was investigated by the medical record about the tests for diagnosis at a tertiary hospital. The proportion of test among the patients who utilized the first level medical facilities was 20.9% for the X-ray test, 10.6% for the urinalysis, 9.0% for the electrocardiogram, 3.4% for the computer tomogram and 6.4% for the ultrasonogram. At the tertiary hospital, the X-ray test was 45.2%, the liver function test was 24.1%, the urinalysis was 19.1%, and the electrocardiogram was 15.7%. The proportion of patients who possessed results of test for diagnosis at the first level medical facilities was 76.5% for the computer tomogram, and 31.3% for the ultrasonogram. As the repeat test rate between the first level medical facilities and the tertiary hospital, the thyroid function test was the first rank as 71.4%, the second rank was the routine CBC as 67.9%, and the third rank was the X-ray test as 64.4%. But among the patients that brought the result for tests at the first level medical facilities, the repeat test rate was as follow : the routine CBC was 75.0%, the liver function test was 72.1%, and the computer tomogram was 15.4%.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.3 s.43
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• pp.359-370
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• 1993

To identify the smoking status and its related factors in middle and high school boys in Kwanju a study was performed from 15th to loth of June 1992. Population were selected by two-stage stratified random sampling method and total 3,959 students replied to the self-administered questionnaire survey (1,574 in middle school, 1,664 in academic high school, 712 in business high school). The results were as follows ; 1. The proportion of current smokers was 1.5% in middle schools and 20.1% in high schools. And the smoking rates increased with school grade years (p<0.01). 2. For the motivation of smoking, curiosity was the most frequent factor and the next was temptation by friends. 3. The most common situation on the first experience of smoking was that middle school boys smoked a cigarette which was found in a house, through curiosity, with friends, at home. High school boys smoked a cigarette taken from friends, through curiosity, with friend, on the road or at home. 4. The proportion of smokers who smoke a cigarette regularly was 34.8% among smokers in middle school and 70.2% among smokers in high school. The most proportion of duration of smoking was less than 1 month among middle school boys (20.8%) and more than 2 years among high school boys (43.9%). The first smoking experience was in elementary school among middle school boys and the third grade of middle school in high school students. Most current smokers (73.9% in middle school boys, 65.3% in high school boys) wanted to quit smoking. 5. Smokers had significant association with intimate friend's smoking, mother's and brother's smoking, inharmonious friendships, dissatisfied with home and school life, lower school grades, generous attitude to other smokers, lack of knowledge to passive smoking and no contact to mass media (TV) (p<0.01).

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2011

Almost 10~30% of vegetables were discarded by the spoilage from farms to tables. After harvest, vegetables are often spoiled by a wide variety of microorganisms including many bacterial and fungal species. This investigation was conducted to extent the knowledge of relationship the spoilage of vegetables and the diversity of microbes. The total aerobic bacterial numbers in fresh lettuce, perilla leaf, and chicory were $2.6{\sim}2.7{\times}10^6$, $4.6{\times}10^5$, $1.2{\times}10^6\;CFU/g$ of fresh weight, respectively. The most common bacterial species were Pseudomonas spp., Alysiella spp., and Burkholderia spp., and other 18 more genera were involved in. After one week of incubation of those vegetables at $28^{\circ}C$, the microbial diversity had been changed. The total aerobic bacterial numbers increased to $1.1{\sim}4.6{\times}10^8$, $4.9{\times}10^7$, and $7.6{\times}10^8\;CFU/g$ of fresh weight for lettuce, perilla leaf, and chicory that is about $10^2$ times increased bacterial numbers than that before spoilage. However, the diversity of microbes isolated had been simplified and fewer bacterial species had been isolated. The most bacterial population (~48%) was taken up by Pseudomonas spp., and followed by Arthrobacter spp. and Bacillus spp. The spoilage activity of individual bacterial isolates had been tested using axenic lettuce plants. Among tested isolates, Pseudomonas fluorescence and Pantoea agglomerans caused severe spoilage on lettuce.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.519-525
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• 2009

Purpose: F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake of myocardium is influenced by various factors. Increased glycolysis, and subsequent increased F-18 FDG uptake has been reported in ischemic cardiomyopathy. However, clinical significance of incidentally found myocardial F-18 FDG uptake has not been clarified. We retrospectively reviewed the degree and pattern of myocardial uptake in patients without history of ischemic heart disease who underwent torso F-18 FDG PET/CT for evaluation of neoplastic disease. Materials and Methods: From January 2005 to June 2009, 77 patients who underwent F-18 FDG PET/CT and Tc-99m sestamibi stress/rest SPECT within 3 months were enrolled. Results: Of 77 patients, 55 (71.4%) showed increased F-18 FDG uptake in the myocardium. In this population, 40 showed uniform uptake pattern, while 15 showed focal uptake. In patients with uniform uptake, 17 showed decreased uptake in the septum without perfusion defect on myocardial SPECT. Remaining 23 patients showed uniform uptake, with 1 reversible perfusion defect and 1 fixed perfusion defect. In 15 patients with focal uptake, 9 showed increased F-18 FDG uptake in the base, and only 1 of them showed reversible perfusion defect on myocardial SPECT. In the remaining 6 focal uptake group, 4 had reversible perfusion defect in the corresponding wall, and 1 had apical hypertrophy. Conclusion: We demonstrated that septal defect pattern and basal uptake pattern in the myocardium may represent normal variants. Focal myocardial uptake other than normal variants on oncologic torso F-18 FDG PET/CT with routine fasting protocol may suggest ischemic heart disease, thus further evaluation is warranted.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1693-1699
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• 2008

Recent studies have suggested that inulin might be utilized as a prebiotics for the promotion of antimicrobial growth, but a major obstacle to the use of inulin has been its low bifidogenic effects, which were initially observed in the ceca of broiler chickens. Inulin has some problems with related to denaturation in air and lowering passage rate from upper digestive tract to caecum. To solve this problems, a newly developed compound derived by microencapsulation, inuloprebiotics, was hypothesized to enrich cecal bifidobacterial populations and reduce the colonization levels of Salmonella in the ceca of broiler chickens. The in vitro growth of intestinal beneficial bacteria including Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus casei grew effectively on the medium containing inulin, whereas the growth of Streptococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens was not differences among the treatment groups. Broiler chickens consumed chow diets containing 0.5%, 0.7% or 1.0% inuloprebiotics, or a control diet without inuloprebiotics supplementation. The chickens on the inuloprebioticssupplemented diets evidenced significantly higher cecal levels of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species as compared with the chickens on the control diet. The population of cecal E. coli and Salmonella was specifically reduced as the result of treatment with inuloprebiotics. However, we noted no significant differences in Bifidobacterium species, E. coli and Salmonella counts among the inuloprebiotics treatment groups. The inuloprebiotics-supplemented diets induced an increase in the serum IgG concentration. The thymus index was significantly increased in the broiler chickens that consumed diets containing 0.7% or 1.0% inuloprebiotics, with the exception of the chickens consuming the diet supplemented with 0.5% inuloprebiotics. These results indicate that the inuloprebiotic preparations exerted an immune system-promoting effect or selectively enriched the cecal Bifidobacterium species populations in the broiler chickens, and also suggest that inuloprebiotics may prove useful as a stable natural antimicrobial agent.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.283-291
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• 2017

Rice that the half of population in the world eats as a staple food is mostly produced and consumed in Asia. However, its consumption is nowadays decreasing mainly due to diet diversity. Accordingly, some attempts are in demand to enhance the utilization of rice. In this study, profiling of volatile and non-volatile flavor components in rice pastes obtained by ${\alpha}$-amylase was performed and compared according to nine different rice cultivars domestically cultivated in Korea using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry after a derivatization, respectively. In total, 46 volatile compounds identified included 6 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 4 esters, 4 furan derivatives, 4 ketones, 1 acid, 1 sulfur-containing compound, 7 hydrocarbons, 5 aromatics and 8 terpenes. The non-volatile flavor components found were composed of 12 amino acids, 6 sugars and 4 sugar alcohols. In principal component analysis, rice paste samples could be discriminated according to cultivars on the score plots of volatile and non-volatile flavor compounds. In particular, some volatile compounds such as pentanal and 4,7-dimethylundecane could contribute to distinguish Senong 17 white and Senong 17 brown, whereas ethanol, 6-methylhep-5-en-2-one, and tridecane could be highly related to the discrimination of Iipum from other cultivars. Among non-volatile compounds, some amino acids such as glycine, serine and ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid and some sugars such as sucrose and fructose were mainly responsible for the discrimination of Danmi from the other cultivars. On the other hand, galactose, arabitol and mannose were more closely related to Senong 17 white than Senong 17 brown.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.215-221
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• 2002

Purpose : This study was done to compare the vitamin A levels between hospitalized patients of measles symptoms and of the other infectious diseases common in childhood (bronchiolitis, penumonia, gastroenteritis and etc.). Methods : We have set up a population of 133 hospitalized patients of measles symptoms in the pediatric department of Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital between Nov. 2000~Apr. 2001 and compared them to a group of 30 hospitalized patients of other infectious diseases between Dec. 2001~Feb. 2002. The whole patients were divided into three groups by diagnosing measles-specific IgM antibody positive as measles group(n=104), negative as measles-susepcted group(n=29) and other infectious disease group. And we compared the vitamin A levels, clinical symptoms, and general hematological and biochemical results. Results : Among the 104 measles patients, the concentrated age groups were 10 12 months(n=24, 23.1%), 13~15 months(n=16, 15.3%) and 16 months~4 years of age(n=24, 23.1%). The mean levels of vitamin A of measles and measles-susepcted groups were $69.6{\pm}28.6{\mu}g/dL$ and $75.2{\pm}34.4{\mu}g/dL$, respectively, and that of other infectious disease group was $28.1{\pm}17.5{\mu}g/dL$. Conclusion : The mean levels of vitamin A of both measles and measles-suspected groups were significantly higher than that of other infectious disease group(P<0.05) and showed no significant correlations with clinical symptoms and hospitalization duration.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 1996

Purpose : This study was intended to measure seropositivities and the levels of mumps- and rubella-specific IgG of MMR vaccinees over 17 months of age in Korea. Materials and Methods : From June 1994 to April 1995 we obtained sera from visitors of well baby clinic and patients in Korea University Hospital, who were MMR vaccinees over 17 months of age and had no evidence of immunodeficiency. These 275 study population include 145 males and 130 females. Mumps- and rubella-specific IgG antibody levels were measured by ELISA. Cut-off values for seropositivity were 20 GU(Gamma Unit) in mumps and 0.17 in rubella. Results : 1) As age increased, seropositivities of mumps-specific IgG increased significantly, being 69.0% in 1.5~2 year, 75.0% in 3~4 year, 76.0% in 5~6 year, 90.0% in 7 year, 100% in 8 year, 96.9% in 9 year, 97.4% in 10 year, 97.4% in 11 year, and 96.6% in 12 year of age(p<0.001). 2) As age increased, the levels of mumps-specific IgG antibody(mean${\pm}$standard deviation, GU) increased significantly, being $64.9{\pm}66.5$ in 1.5-2 year, $117.7{\pm}126.4$ in 3~4 year, $152.3{\pm}147.1$ in 5~6 year, $194.3{\pm}168.2$ in 7 year, $258.1{\pm}190.6$ in 8 year, $193.1{\pm}130.1$ in 9 year, $225.7{\pm}119.6$ in 10 year, $220.7{\pm}114.3$ in 11 year, and $222.3{\pm}127.1$ in 12 year of age(p<0.001). There was positive correlation between age and mumps-specific antibody level (r=0.3282, p<0.001). 3) As age increased, seropositivities of rubella-specific IgG decreased significantly, being 72.4% in 1.5~2 year, 75% in 3~4 year, 72% in 5~6 year, 60% in 7 year, 44.4% in 8 year, 40.6% in 9 year, 28.2% in 10 year, 23.1% in 11 year, and 17.2% in 12 year of age(p<0.001). 4) As age increased, rubella-specific IgG decreased significantly, being $0.462{\pm}0.356$ in 1.5~2year, $0.438{\pm}0.306$ in 3~4 year, $0.287{\pm}0.179$ in 5~6 year, $0.204{\pm}0.139$ in 7 year, $0.189{\pm}0.153$ in 8 year, $0.124{\pm}0.121$ in 9 year, $0.093{\pm}0.114$ in 10 year, $0.104{\pm}0.135$ in 11 year, and $0.080{\pm}0.001$ in 12 year of age(p<0.001). There was negative correlation between age and rubella-specific IgG titer (r=-0.551, p<0.001). Conclusions : Eventhough seropositivities and the level of mumps-specific IgG increased as age increased, they are not enough to prevent mumps infection in 1.5 to 6 years of age. Seropositivities and the level of rubella-specific IgG decreased as age increased. Appropriate change in vaccine schedule may be needed to decrease the risks of mumps and rubella infection.