• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.755-764
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in Koreans, and eating habits, including diet quality, are among the etiologies of these diseases. Recently, various studies on regional health disparities have been conducted. However, there are limited studies on their relationship with nutritional factors. This study aimed to identify the magnitude of regional disparities in diet quality and prevalence of CVD in Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study included 17,646 participants aged ≥ 20 years from the 7^th (2013-2016) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were classified into four groups based on their residential areas: City 1, City 2, City 3, and non-city. Demographic characteristics, health-related factors, body mass index (BMI), metabolic syndrome index, diet quality, and CVD prevalence were evaluated. RESULTS: In terms of demographic characteristics, age (P < 0.001), marital status (P < 0.001), educational level (P < 0.001), and income (P < 0.001) were lower in the non-city category. Health-related factors such as monthly drinking rate (P < 0.01) and mental stress (P < 0.05) were the highest in City 1 and lowest in the non-city group. Conversely, the current smoking rate (P < 0.05), BMI (P < 0.05), and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (P < 0.001) were the highest in the non-city group (P < 0.05). The non-city group also had the highest prevalence of CVDs (35.6%). This group had the lowest diet quality index (68.36 ± 0.22, P < 0.01), caused by low intake of fruit and calcium, a lack of sodium moderation, and an overall imbalance in the macronutrient and fatty acid ratio. When the diet quality index was increased by 1, the odds ratio for the prevalence of CVDs was reduced by 0.991 (P < 0.001), but this was not the case in all regions. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides useful information and data in identifying and resolving the regional health disparities related to CVD prevalence and implementation of public health nutrition systems.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1255-1266
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to predict the association between nutritional intake and diabetes mellitus (DM) by developing an artificial neural network (ANN) model for older adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Participants aged over 65 years from the 7th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included. The diagnostic criteria of DM were set as output variables, while various nutritional intakes were set as input variables. An ANN model comprising one input layer with 16 nodes, one hidden layer with 12 nodes, and one output layer with one node was implemented in the MATLAB^® programming language. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the relative importance of the input variables in predicting the output. RESULTS: Our DM-predicting neural network model exhibited relatively high accuracy (81.3%) with 11 nutrient inputs, namely, thiamin, carbohydrates, potassium, energy, cholesterol, sugar, vitamin A, riboflavin, protein, vitamin C, and fat. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the neural network sensitivity analysis method based on nutrient intake demonstrated a relatively accurate classification and prediction of DM in the older population.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 2020

This study analyzed the health characteristics and comorbidity of adult men aged 40 years by dividing them into a control group of those without any disease related to fine dust and a patient group with one or more diseases related to fine dust in areas with high levels of fine dust pollution using the sixth and seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2017). Among the general characteristics, the mean age of the patient group was significantly older than that of the control group (p<0.001), and in terms of the health-related characteristics, the frequency of breakfast consumption in the patient group was higher than in the control group (p<0.043). The body measurements were similar in the patient and control groups. Regarding the prevalence of comorbidity, the patient group showed a higher prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and diabetes than the control group, but the differences were not statistically significant. On the other hand, the prevalence of other cancers (except stomach cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer) in the patient group was higher than in the control group (p<0.05). In terms of the clinical characteristics, the glycated hemoglobin levels in the patient group were significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.048). Information on nutrition and health in areas with frequent occurrences of fine dust was obtained through the study results, which can be used as basic data for measures of health and diet management against diseases that will increase in relation to fine dust.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.289-295
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• 2022

Objectives: In this study, raw data from the 7th (2016-2018) of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used, and a total of 2,430 people were selected as participants to analyze the factors related to unmet dental care needs in postmenopausal women. Methods: Frequency analysis, cross analysis, and logistic regression analysis were performed for general characteristics, oral health characteristics, and unmet dental care needs related factors using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 program. Results: The unmet dental care related factors were 1.527 times higher in the case of not having oral examinations than in the case of having oral examinations. For those who did not make use of the dental clinic, 8.667 times, 2.913 times for bad oral health, and 1.912 times for usually showed that unmet dental care was higher. Inconvenience with speaking was 1.578 times higher, and in the absence of implants, unmet dental care needs was 1.510 times higher. In the case of no chewing difficulty, was 0.380 times lower. Conclusions: Based on the above results, in order to achieve the policy goal to reduce unmet dental care needs, policy support and interest are needed above all to accurately identify and solve specific problems.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.347-354
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between pit and fissure sealants of the molars, and caries prevalence and experience to assess the effect of sealants on caries prevention. Methods: Data from 16,119 people were extracted from the seventh Korean national health and nutrition examination survey, which was conducted from 2016 to 2018. Demographic, socioeconomic, oral health-related behavioral, and oral examination survey data were collected as independent variables. SAS statistics for complex samples and multiple logistic regression analysis (Windows ver. 9.4) was used for the statistical analyses. Results: Caries prevalence and experience were significantly associated with age, sex, daily toothbrushing frequency, interdental cleaning, and having molar sealant. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between having molar sealants and the caries prevalence and experience among participants under 30 years of age after adjusting socio-economic variables and toothbrushing-related factors. Conclusions: This study confirmed the effect of molar sealants on caries prevention in Korea. Our results support that the application of molar sealants in children, adolescents, and young individuals is effective in preventing caries.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.28-37
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine factors associated with obesity among Korean adolescents. Methods: The participants were 436 Korean adolescents aged 12~18 years who took part in the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, the $x^2$ test, one-way analysis of variance, and multinomial logistic regression using complex sample analysis. Results: Among the participants, 9.7% were classified as being obese, and 11.9% as being overweight. Several health parameters, including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, and triglyceride, fasting blood sugar, and alanine aminotransferase levels, varied according to obesity. Distorted perceptions of body shape showed a significant negative association with overweight, and carbohydrate intake was negatively associated with obesity. Conclusion: These findings indicate that obesity in Korean adolescents was associated with lifestyle and health parameters. Therefore, intervention programs for obese or overweight adolescents should focus on preventing them from developing health problems.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.534-543
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Studies on the impact of dietary fiber intake on kidney stones are few, and their results were controversial. This study aimed to explore the association between dietary fiber intake and kidney stones in the nationally representative population of the USA. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This cross-sectional research included 8,588 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011 to 2018. Information regarding dietary fiber intake was obtained from a 24-h recall survey. Participants were categorized into different dietary fiber intake tertiles according to the average of 2 days of dietary recall data. The outcome was self-reported kidney stones. After adjusting for the traditional risk factors, a multivariate logistic regression model was used to examine the association between dietary fiber intake and kidney stones. RESULTS: Eight hundred seventy-two participants had kidney stones. The weighted prevalence (SE) of kidney stones in the lowest tertile, medium tertile, and highest tertile of dietary fiber intake was 11.8% (0.8%), 10.3% (0.8%), and 9.1% (0.8%), respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, race and ethnicity, education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, daily water intake, chronic kidney disease stage 3-5, and total energy intake, participants with the highest tertile of fiber intake had a significantly lower risk of kidney stones (odds ratio [OR], 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-0.95) compared to those in the lowest tertile. Every 5 g/day increment in dietary fiber intake was associated with a significant decrease in risk of kidney stones (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.83-0.98). CONCLUSION: An increase in dietary fiber intake was associated with a lower risk of kidney stones, suggesting adults should be encouraged to maintain an adequate dietary fiber intake to prevent the development of kidney stones. Our results provide evidence to formulate nutrition management strategies for the prevention of kidney stones.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.682-694
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• 2015

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between white rice consumption and dietary intake, the risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean based on $1^{st}$ (1998), $4^{th}$ (2007~2009), $6^{th}$ (2013) KNHANES. This study included 25,799 subjects who were age 10 or over. Three groups(low, medium, high) were divided according to white rice consumption (per day). In the low group, the meat and oil intake were significantly higher than the high group. In the $1^{st}$ survey year, the BMI, waist circumstances, hypertriglyceridemia and fasting blood glucose in the high group were higher than other groups, however the $4^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ survey year showed no significant results. In the $1^{st}$ survey year the risk of waist circumstances was higher in the high white rice consumption group and also had high risk with hypertriglyceridemia. Since the lower white rice consumption in $4^{th}$ than $1^{st}$ survey year we found no significant results. But in the 6th survey year with the lowest white rice consumption the risk of high diastolic pressure was reduced in high group. Because continuously reduced white rice consumption meantime showed more intake of meat and oil, it can be concluded that defensive effects with the Korean health.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.769-780
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify the differences in dietary consumption patterns according to the exercise level of Korean adults. The study subjects were the 7,370 Koreans aged 20 years and older of the 1998 Korean Health and Nutrition Survey. The dietary assessment was conducted by means of the 24 hour recall method. Data for individual exercise behavior were collected by interviews as part of the National Health Behavior Survey. Following the analysis of variances the Duncan＇s Multiple Range Test was used to test the differences in food and nutrient intakes among groups with different levels of exercise. Current exercise practices were reported by 22% of the male subjects and 15% of the female subjects. Unlike observations from the American and European studies, a greater amount of meat intake was observed more frequently among high exercises group than among middle and low exercisers in the case of the male subjects. This was reflected in the increasing levels of protein and fat intake in proportion to the exercise levels. However, the food and nutrient intake patterns of female exercisers were quite different from those of the males. The least intake of fatty foods was observed among the high exercisers. Energy intake from fat was the lowest among the high exercisers. These results may imply that the motivation to exercise was quite different between male and female Koreans. This dietary pattern may have a risk of undernution. Summerizing the results, whatever the motivation of the exercise, the Korean exercisers of both sexes had unhealthy dietary pattern. Therefore, nutritional education should be conducted to encourage the eating of a balanced diet along with exercise, among Koreans of both sexes, in order to promote a healthy lifestyle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 1989

A secondary survey was conducted of 503 customers, to investigate eating out behaviours at five fast food restaurants of Youido apartment compound in Seoul, in April of 1988. The results are summarized as follows: The majority, 84% of customers, were aged 14 to 30, consisting of junior and senior high school children, college students and company employees. In contrast to the previous survey of 1986, in which no elderly customers were found, a small number of elderly customers were observed in this study. The reasons given by customers for patronizing fast food restaurants were the following, from most to least frequent: 'convenient', 'allows for companionship', 'the pleasant place to eat', 'dining equipment and tableware are hygienic', 'to be able to stay as long as I want', and 'foods rapidly served'. Only 24.2% of the customers purchased the fast foods for a full meal, 38.3% purchased the foods for snacking, and others purchased ice cream only or drink only. The majority of the customers ate the purchased foods at the fast food restaurants. However, a limited number of female customers preferred to take the packed fast foods to their homes. Taste preference was a major factor in food selection from available menu items, among the younger customers; whereas customers over 30 years old were concerned with nutritive balance. Fried chicken, pizza, rolled rice with laver, ice cream, and juice were high on the list of liked foods; in contrast, lower preference was for fish burger, doughnut, spaghetti, Chajang noodles and chili beans. The survey discovered that the preference for fried chicken, pizza, and salad had increased compared to the previous survey of 1986. Preference by food nationality was highest for Korean food, then Western food, Chinese food, and Japanese food, in that order. Customers offered suggestions for better fast food service, such as lowering the price; greater variety in the menu; developing fast foods from the traditional Korean foods; and increasing the proportion of vegetables and fruits on the fast food menu. The customers, in particular, emphasized a need for the development of Korean traditional beverage of malt drink and persimmon punch, as well as mungbean pan cakes and sweet- spicy rice noodles (docbokki), as fast foods.