• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.289-295
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• 2008

RNA-RNA interactions and the dynamic RNA conformations are important regulators in virus replication in several RNA virus systems and may also involved in the regulation of many important virus life cycle phases, including translation, replication, assembly, and switches in these important stages. The 5' non-translated region of Potato virus X(PVX) contains multiple cis-acting elements that facilitate various viral processes. It has previously been proposed that RNA-RNA interactions between various RNA elements present in PVX RNA genome are required for PVX RNA accumulation(Hu et al., 2007; Kim and Hemenway, 1999). This model was based on the potential base-pairing between conserved sequence elements at the upstream of subgenomic RNAs(sgRNAs) and at the 5' and 3' end of RNA genome. We now provide more evidence that RNA-RNA base-pairing between elements present at the 5' end and upstream of each sgRNA is required for efficient replication of genomic and subgenomic plus-strand RNA accumulation. Site-directed mutations introduced at the 5' end of plus-strand RNA replication defective mutant(${\Delta}12$) increasing base-pairing possibility with conserved sequence elements located upstream of each sgRNAs restored genomic and subgenomic plus-strand RNA accumulation and caused symptom development in inoculated Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Serial passage of a deletion mutant(${\Delta}8$) caused more severe symptoms and restored wild type sequences and thus retained possible RNA-RNA base-pairing. Altogether, these results indicate that the RNA element located at the 5' end of PVX genome involved in RNA-RNA interactions and play a key role in high-level accumulation of plus-strand RNA in vivo.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.149-156
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• 2015

The Personal Information Protection Commission shall be established under the direct jurisdiction of the President and shall independently perform affairs under its authority. It shall be comprised of total 15 members (5 members designated by the President, 5 members elected at the National Assembly and 5 members designated by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court), including one minister-level Chairperson and one vice-minister-level standing member. Main functions of the Personal Information Protection Commission include deliberation and resolution of major policies and improvement of ordinances and systems related to personal information protection, coordination of opinions among public institutions in regards to the management of personal information, recommendation of improvement such as suspension of infringement by a central administrative agency, a local government and a constitutional institution, and submission of annual reports on personal information protection to the National Assembly. The function and role of the Personal Information Protection Commission regulated by the current law are insufficient in terms of independence and authorities of protection agencies compared to the international standard or level of discussion. The Commission thus cannot play a sufficient role as an independent agency for efficient protection of personal information. Therefore, there is a need for law revision that revives the purpose of the establishment of the Personal Information Protection Commission.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.404-409
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• 2017

Natural polymer chitosan has been widely applied to medical fields due to its biochemical activities such as anticancer, antibacterial and lowering cholesterol in addition to biocompatibility and biodegradability. Currently, researches are being actively conducted to develop various drug-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles for curing different diseases by applying chitosan to a drug delivery system. The free amine ($-NH_2$) group present in chitosan can bind to various hydrophobic groups by physical and chemical modification and the chitosan with hydrophobic groups can form shell-core nanoparticles by self-assembly when dispersed in water. In addition, an insoluble drug can increase the solubility against water when it was encapsulated in the core of chitosan nanoparticles. Also, the therapy effect can be maximized by minimizing side effects of drugs such as proteins, anticancer drugs and vaccines when they were encapsulated in the core of chitosan nanoparticles. Moreover, it is possible to control the particle size and release rate according to the hydrophobic group introduced to chitosan, so that it can be applied to a wide range of medical fields. The purpose of this review is to discuss the preparation and property of chitosan nanoparticles modified with various hydrophobic groups, and the application to drug delivery systems according to their property.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.117-124
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• 2019

A resolution adopted by the World Health Assembly in 2014 stated that all nurses should be equipped with palliative care skills in order to integrate palliative care into a day-to-day healthcare system. This article introduces the palliative nursing competency that was developed for the Korean environment by the Korean Hospice Palliative Nursing Research Network based on its study of overseas cases where this competency and competency-based training were developed. This is the first step towards the development of competency-based palliative nursing education, and active efforts should be made to integrate this competency into the undergraduate nursing curriculum.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.46-53
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• 2012

Objectives: Many cancer patients have been using Korean medicine with conventional medical care. This study aimed to look into current status of Korean medicine in cancer patients in Korea. Methods: We reviewed utilization of Korean medicine for cancer by searching DB (KoreaMed, KMbase, KISS, NDSL, KISTI, National Assembly Library, OASIS, Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal). The first search keyword used was "cancer" and the second keyword used was either "oriental", "alternative" or "complementary". Results: The utilization rate of Korean medicine was 31.0%. In terms of patient's disease characteristics, most of them were suffering from stomach cancer, lung cancer and colon cancer. Most of them were diagnosed as fourth stage of cancer. Ginseng (14.8%) was a favorite Korean medicine, followed by medicinal treatment (8.1%), acupuncture (3.1%), moxibustion (3.0%), and cupping (2.1%). Conclusions: In Korea, one third of cancer patients are using Korean medicine. We need to know the expectations and demand for Korean medicine for treating cancer and establish our strategy to attract public attention.

• Clean Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2005

A metal ion detector with a submicron size electrode was fabricated by field-induced AFM oxidation. The square frame of the mesa pattern was functionalized by APTES for the metal ion detection, and the remaining portion was used as an electrode by the self-assembly of MPTMS for Au metal deposition. The conductance changed with the quantity of adsorbed copper ions, due to electron tunneling between the mobile and surface electrodes. The smaller electrode has a lower limit of detection due to the enhancement in electron tunneling through metal ions that are adsorbed between the conductive-tip (mobile) and the surface (fixed) electrode. This two-electrode system immobilized with different functional groups was successfully used in the selective adsorption and detection of target materials.

• BMB Reports
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.336-341
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• 1995

Using a mutant M13 phage derivative lacking a great part of the complementary strand synthesis origin, we identified six single-strand initiation (ssi) signals for DNA replication in pACYC184, pLG214, pGKV21, and pDPT270 plasmids, and named them $ssiA_{YC}$, $ssiA_{LG}$, $ssiB_{LG}$, $ssiA_{KV}$, $ssiA_{PT}$, and $ssiB_{PT}$, respectively. Two of them were from pDPT270, one from downstream the on of pACYC184, two from pLG214, one from upstream the plus origin of pGKV21. Introduction of these ssi signals into the deleted $ori_c$ site of a mutant filamentous M13 phage ($M13{\Delta}lac182$) resulted in the restoration of growth activity of this phage. These ssi signals were classified into a number of groups on the basis of sequence similarity. $ssiA_{YC}$ and $ssiA_{LG}$ show extensive sequence homology to the n'-site (primosome assembly sites) of ColE1, whereas $ssiB_{PT}$ is homologous to the n'-site of ${\Phi}X174$. $ssiA_{PT}$ belongs to G4-type ssi signals which require only dnaG primase and SSB protein for the priming of replication. In addition, possible biological roles of these ssi signals are discussed.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.44 no.4 s.140
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• pp.331-341
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• 2006

Actin binding proteins play key roles in cell structure and movement particularly as regulators of the assembly, stability and localization of actin filaments in the cytoplasm. In the present study, a cDNA clone encoding an actin bundling protein named as AhABP was isolated from Acanthamoeba healyi, a causative agent of granulomatous amebic encephalitis. This clone exhibited high similarity with genes of Physarum polycephalum and Dictyostelium discoideum, which encode actin bundling proteins. Domain search analysis revealed the presence of essential conserved regions, i.e., an active actin binding site and 2 putative calcium binding EF-hands. Transfected amoeba cells demonstrated that AhABP is primarily localized in phagocytic cups, peripheral edges, pseudopods, and in cortical cytoplasm where actins are most abundant. Moreover, AhABP after the deletion of essential regions formed ellipsoidal inclusions within transfected cells. High-speed co-sedimentation assays revealed that AhABP directly interacted with actin in the presence of up to $10{\mu}M$ of calcium. Under the electron microscope, thick parallel bundles were formed by full length AhABP, in contrast to the thin actin bundles formed by constructs with deletion sites. In the light of these results, we conclude that AhABP is a novel actin bundling protein that is importantly associated with actin filaments in the cytoplasm.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.661-673
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• 2020

The quarter-core simulation of BEAVRS Cycle 2 depletion benchmark has been conducted using the MCS/CTF coupling system. MCS/CTF is a cycle-wise Picard iteration based inner-coupling code system, which couples sub-channel T/H (thermal/hydraulic) code CTF as a T/H solver in Monte Carlo neutron transport code MCS. This coupling code system has been previously applied in the BEAVRS benchmark Cycle 1 full-core simulation. The Cycle 2 depletion has been performed with T/H feedback based on the spent fuel materials composition pre-generated by the Cycle 1 depletion simulation using refueling capability of MCS code. Meanwhile, the MCS internal one-dimension T/H solver (MCS/TH1D) has been also applied in the simulation as the reference. In this paper, an analysis of the detailed criticality boron concentration and the axially integrated assembly-wise detector signals will be presented and compared with measured data based on the real operating physical conditions. Moreover, the MCS/CTF simulated results for neutronics and T/H parameters will be also compared to MCS/TH1D to figure out their difference, which proves the practical application of MCS into the BEAVRS benchmark two-cycle depletion simulations.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.869-883
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• 2019

Interleukin (IL)-15 is an essential immune-modulator with high potential for use in cancer treatment. Natural IL-15 has a low biological potency because of its short half-life and difficulties in mass-production. IL-15Rα, a member of the IL-15 receptor complex, is famous for its high affinity to IL-15 and its ability to lengthen the half-life of IL-15. We have double-transfected IL-15 and its truncated receptor IL-15Rα into CT26 colon cancer cells to target them for intracellular assembly. The secreted IL-15:IL-15Rα complexes were confirmed in ELISA and Co-IP experiments. IL-15:IL-15Rα secreting clones showed a higher anti-tumor effect than IL-15 secreting clones. Furthermore, we also evaluated the vaccine and therapeutic efficacy of the whole cancer-cell vaccine using mitomycin C (MMC)-treated IL-15:IL-15Rα secreting CT26 clones. Three sets of experiments were evaluated; (1) therapeutics, (2) vaccination, and (3) long-term protection. Wild-type CT26-bearing mice treated with a single dose of MMC-inactivated secreted IL-15:IL-15Rα clones prolonged survival compared to the control group. Survival of MMC-inactivated IL-15:IL-15Rα clone-vaccinated mice (without any further adjuvant) exceeded up to 100%. This protection effect even lasted for at least three months after the immunization. Secreted IL-15:IL-15Rα clones challenging trigger anti-tumor response via CD4⁺ T, CD8⁺ T, and natural killer (NK) cell-dependent cytotoxicity. Our result suggested that cell-based vaccine secreting IL-15:IL-15Rα, may offer the new tools for immunotherapy to treat cancer.