• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.9 no.6
• /
• pp.2251-2270
• /
• 2015

More than 1 billion mobile apps (smartphone applications) have been released worldwide. Competition among developers of apps that are available in app stores has intensified because of increasing demand. App icons with an appealing design can instantly increase attention. Miryoku Engineering methods were used and combined with the Kansei interface model to examine the relationship between attractive icons and users. The evaluation grid method (EGM) is a qualitative method that was used to evaluate the icons, and Quantification Theory Type I is a quantitative method that was used to analyze the influence of design elements in icons. Eight attractive factors of app icons were determined using EGM, and six specific factors were identified using questionnaires. The quantitative results indicated that user cognition and emotion were influenced by the various design elements. The impact on the attractive factors of a single design element differed among users with diverse backgrounds. App icons were assessed on the basis of aesthetics to identify attractive factors and thereby assist designers in understanding and implementing design elements and improving the overall visual appeal of their apps. The result of this investigation is crucial to the presentation of app icons in online app stores.

• Journal of Distribution Research
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.69-90
• /
• 2001

This study is to confirm how customers relationship-orientation toward the focal company has been constructed by what factors. The major factors are including the level of customer satisfaction and four components of transaction-characteristics like efficiency of decision making, inertia of decision making, information-seeking in store, and perceived risk. For testing of the hypotheses, customer survey has been conducted at four department stores and three discount stores in the Bundang Area. The sample size is 494. The result of the survey has indicated that customers relationship-orientation is influenced by customer satisfaction, efficiency of decision making, and inertia of decision making, but not by information-seeking in store and perceived risk. Further research has been needed for solving these conflicting results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 2003.11a
• /
• pp.3-4
• /
• 2003

Body weight is maintained at a relatively constant level over days and months despite variability in food intake and physical activity. To achieve energy homeostasis, the hypothalamus receives information related to energy surplus or shortage from the periphery and controls food intake and energy expenditure. Leptin, an adipocyte derived hormone, is a principal mediator that signals the brain about the stored energy status. Increased leptin signaling in the brain prevents excess energy stores by suppressing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. In addition, insulin and nutrients themselves, such as glucose and free fatty acids, also regulate food intake.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.64-69
• /
• 2004

A bacteriological survey for 20 large grocery stores (M 1 to M20) in Korea was investigated for one year. The average detection rate of Esherichia coli was $22\%$ (166/763) for 7 kinds of ready-to-eat food through the year, where each grocery store and each type of food showed different detection rates. Eleven grocery stores showed lower detection rates, while 9 grocery stores showed a higher than average rate. Especially, M3 showed a rate that was twice as high as the average and one which was 7 times higher than M14, which had the lowest rate of $6\%$ E. coli detection. The detection rate for each type of food was: $38\%$ (41/109) for Kimbop, $31\%$ (34/109) for vegetable salad, $19\%$ (21/109) for bean-curd, $18\%$ (20/109) for the cooked materials used in making Kimbop, $17\%$ (19/109) for Hoe (sliced raw fish) and Sushi (Japanese vinegared rice delicacies), and $11\%$ (12/109) for cooked pork hock. During the summer, the E. coli detection rate averaged $43\%$ (71/166), which was twice as high as other seasons. Most (89/100) of the food contacting surfaces contained more than the critical limit $(1.3\;log_{10}\;CFU/10cm^2)$ of aerobic viable cell counts (AVC). The $log_{10}$ AVC and $log_{10}$ coliform count (CC) of 218 meat samples (beef, pork, and chicken) ranged between 4.6-7.1 CFU/g and 1.9-6.4 CFU/g, except for 41 meat samples $(19\%)$ which were found to contain no coliform. There was a definite correlation between the $log_{10}$ AVC and $log_{10}$ CC, and the values of $log_{10}$ CC made a more accurate straight than the $log_{10}$ AVC, which are variable. From these results, it is suggested that a detection rating of less than 2.1 CFU/g of $log_{10}$ CC (correspond to 5.0 CFU/g of $log_{10}$ AVC) is the critical point of freshness, and a rating of more than 6.3 CFU/g of $log_{10}$ CC (correspond to 7.0 CFU/g of $log_{10}$ AVC) can be considered an initial spoilage point.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.40 no.6
• /
• pp.89-97
• /
• 2012

Green roofs are being created in various purposes to use spaces. Most of them have been built with a goal as a resting place. However, the use of the green roofs needs to be raised. Otherwise, maintenance and administration of green roofs can be loosened. In addition, budget or cost involved can be wasteful. Therefore, this study makes a proposition if the satisfaction of green roofs is higher, the use of green roofs could be increased more. We are willing to analyze how beneficial the awareness can affect for the satisfaction with regard to green roofs. The findings can be helpful to provide a foundation data for raising the use of green roofs. We believe that the awareness benefits and satisfaction could be different depending on the facility's status on green roofs. Therefore, we classified green roofs of 11 department stores, in Seoul, into four types. Among them, we paid attention to five department stores that were able to represent each type. We analyzed the awareness benefits and satisfaction depending on the type of green roofs. We analyzed casual relationships between them using Structural Equation Modeling. We expect that the landscape architecture scholars will expand research on the various determinants in using green roof. een Roof; Type of Green Roof; Benefit Awareness; Satisfaction; Structural Equation Modeling;

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.467-481
• /
• 2013

The study examined the main effect of the reward channel and reward time of customer loyalty programs for on-offline shopping channels; in addition, it investigated the interaction effect of the reward channels and merchandise as well as the interaction effect of the reward time and merchandise. An online apparel shopping web experiment was conducted with a 2 (reward channel: online channel reward vs. offline channel reward) ${\times}2$ (reward time: immediate vs. delayed) ${\times}2$ (merchandise: online channel product vs. offline channel products) between-subject factorial design. An online shopping channel was considered the core-shopping channel and a department store was considered the cross-shopping channel. Loyalty program value, core-channel loyalty and cross-channel loyalty were measured as dependent variables. A total of 845 shoppers (who had experiences in shopping in both channels) participated in the experiment. The results of the study revealed (1) the main effect of the reward channel on loyalty program value, core-channel loyalty and cross-channel loyalty [online>offline channel rewards], (2) the main effect of reward time on loyalty program value, core-channel loyalty and cross-channel loyalty [immediate>delayed reward], and (3) the interaction effect of the reward channel and merchandise on loyalty program value, core-channel loyalty, and cross-channel loyalty. (4) Finally the study found that loyalty program value affected cross-channel loyalty indirectly through core-channel loyalty. This study suggested diverse theoretical and managerial implications for multi-channel retailers.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.145-153
• /
• 2015

For this research with the objects of spaces in two department stores which can be referred to as representative facility of commercial space, observation test has carried out to estimate how much visitors rivet their eyes to the display of shops. In addition, to find out what effect the difference among the department types has on the selective attention to space element, the observation time was applied as a medium for estimation. The followings are the result from analyzing the observation frequency and the observation intensity feature of each section where the characteristics of design could be found at attention. First, both images of A and B had concentrative dominant-observation at left shops. In case of Image A, Customers began to observe the right shops very attentively after 25 seconds, and with Image B, the attentive observation at right and left took place alternatively after 35 seconds. In other words, regardless of the characteristics of shop displays, the left shops were observed first while in case of the observation after the early and middle time-frame the characteristics of shops were found to have effects on observation. Second, the normal observation showed some difference among attention sections over time while on the whole both images of A and B had the same highly attentive observation at the middle space. Accordingly, it could be concluded that the middle space was playing a faithful role as background for commercial spaces. Third, the ignorant observation, which is the opposite to the attentive observation, was found different between the images of A and B. When the ignorant observation is considered to have intentionality, it will be possible to set up the display which may attract the attention aggressively by the process of figuring out the characteristics of ignored shops.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.40 no.8
• /
• pp.1597-1605
• /
• 2015

Password authenticated key exchange (PAKE) is a protocol that a client stores its password to a server, authenticates itself using its password and shares a session key with the server. In multi-server PAKE, a client splits its password and stores them to several servers separately. Unless all the servers are compromised, client's password will not be disclosed in the multi-server setting. In attribute-based encryption (ABE), a sender encrypts a message M using a set of attributes and then a receiver decrypts it using the same set of attributes. In this paper, we introduce multi-server PAKE protocol that utilizes a set of attributes of ABE as a client's password. In the protocol, the client and servers do not need to create additional public/private key pairs because the password is used as a set of public keys. Also, the client and the servers exchange only one round-trip message per server. The protocol is secure against dictionary attacks. We prove our system is secure in a proposed threat model. Finally we show feasibility through evaluating the execution time of the protocol.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.269-281
• /
• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the frequency of convenience food consumption at convenience stores (CVS) and the CVS usage patterns of middle and high school students as well as to understand students' attitude toward sodium and sugar reduction. Methods: We used an online questionnaire for data collection. The questionnaire comprised five distinct categories: general characteristics, CVS usage, frequency of consumption according to convenience food menus at CVS, attitude toward sodium and sugar reduction, and adherence to dietary guidelines. Results: A total of 75 students from Seoul (14 middle school students and 61 high school students) participated in the study. Most respondents visit CVS 3-5 times a week. CVS are predominantly used during weekdays, mostly during lunch, and dinner. The students mostly checked the caloric content and expiration date as food labeling information. The participants were aware of the need to reduce their sugar and sodium intake. Among frequent CVS convenience food consumers, there was an increased consideration of the need to reduce their sugar and sodium consumption, despite their actual selection of foods with high sugar and sodium content. Additionally, they did not check the sugar and sodium levels indicated in food labeling. Further, the dietary action guide from the Ministry of Health and Welfare were poorly followed by most students. Conclusions: There is a need for nutrition education specifically addressing the sugar and sodium content of the convenience foods predominantly consumed by students. Additionally, educating students with frequent convenience food consumption to actively check the sugar and sodium information on food labels could help promote healthier food choices.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.5-14
• /
• 2011

One of the new roles of modern retail stores is to supply consumers with a memorable experience. In Korea, enhancing a store's environment so that customers remember a unique shopping experience is recognized as a sound strategy for strengthening the store's competitiveness. Motivated by this incentive, awareness of the experience-store concept is starting to increase in various categories of the retail industry. However, many experience stores, except in a few cases, have yet to derive a significant profit, explaining why Korean consumers are somewhat unfamiliar with, yet fascinated by, the experience stores that now exist in the country. Consumer satisfaction directly, and indirectly, affects a company's future profit and potential financial gain; customer satisfaction also affects loyalty. Therefore, knowing the significant factors that increase satisfaction and loyalty is essential for any company, in any field, to be able to effectively differentiate itself from the competition. Intrigued by increased competition opportunities, most Korean companies have adopted experience-store marketing strategies. When establishing the most effective processes for increasing sales and achieving a sustainable competitive advantage of a new concept, companies should consider certain factors that influence consumers' ability to accept new concepts and ideas. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is a theory that models how people accept new concepts. TAM proposes the following two factors that influence a person's decisions about how, and when, he or she will use a new product: "perceived usefulness" and "perceived ease of use." Much of the existing research has suggested that a person's character also affects the process for accepting new ideas. Such personal character attributes as individual preferences, self-confidence, and a person's values, traits, and/or skills affect the process for willingly consenting to try something new. It will be meaningful to establish how the TAM theory's components, as well as personal character, affect individuals accepting the experience-store concept. To that end, as it pertains to an experience store, the first goal of the study is to examine the influence of innovative factors (perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use) on satisfaction and loyalty. The second objective is to define the moderate effect of consumers' personal characteristics on the model. The proposed model was tested on 149 respondents who were engaged in leisure sports activities and bought sports outdoor garments and equipment. According to the study's findings, the satisfaction and loyalty of an experience store can be explained by perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, with the study's results demonstrating the stronger of the two factors being "perceived ease of use." The study failed to explain the effects of a person's character on the model. In conclusion, when the companies that operate the experience stores execute their marketing and promotion strategies, they should stress the stores' "ease of use" product components. Additionally, it can be extrapolated from the study data that since the experience-store idea is still relatively unfamiliar to Korean consumers, most customers are not yet able to evaluate, nor take a position regarding, their respective attitudes toward experience stores.