• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1998

The distinction between isolated and combined injuries is crucial both for treatment and prognosis. For most combined injuries, surgical treatment continues to be favored over nonoperative treatment. It is generally agreed that isolatel PCL injuries do well without surgery. There has been an interest by many authors to fix the graft directly to the posterior aspect of the tibia(tibial inlay). With this procedure, tibial graft fixation will be more direct and theoretically reduce the bending effects of the graft with a fixation site far away from the tibial insertion. Modified tibial inlay technique, which is the posterior approach does not require the patient to be in the prone or lateral decubitus position during the operation. Use of a double-bundle reconstructive technique is attractive and has been performed by some surgeons. At this time, this procedure is still being investigated and should not be routinely used in the clinical setting until studies have indicated an advantage over current single-bundle techniques. However theologically, double-bundle reconstructive technique is more useful in severe posterior unstable knee. Recent advances have increased our knowledge of the anatomy and mechanical characteristics of the PCL. Basic science research has further increased our awareness of the interaction of the posterolateral structures with the PCL. To achieve restoration of normal posterior laxity, it is critical to address the posterior as well as the postero-lateral structures. Surgical treatment is often complex and requires a wide range of surgical techniques and skills to treat associated injuries. When the PCL is reconstructed, most surgeons choose to reconstruct the anterolateral component using a graft of sufficient size and strength. The initial postoperative rehabilitation should be addressed cautiously in an effort to avoid excessive forces on delicate repairs and reconstructions in these complex injuries. Further research is necessary to evaluate new surgical approaches such as double-bundle reconstructions and tibial inlay techniques as well as improved techniques for capsular and collateral ligament injuries.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2010

Ultrasonographic diagnosis and treatment in Orthopaedic fields had been widely used. Sonographic diagnosis and treatment of foot and ankle is convenient because of anatomical characteristics. The knowledge of the anatomy and biomechanics in foot and ankle area can help to diagnose and treat the disease around foot and ankle. 28 bone and many tendons, ligaments and muscles are consist of ankle and foot joint and the coordinative relation among these structures can allow the dual function, weight bearing and locomotion of ankle and foot during gait cycle. Foot and ankle have small room for many structures, so systemically physical examination is essential for diagnosis. Accurate understanding of foot and ankle anatomy and biomechanics could be helpful to using ultrasonograph.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.479-499
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• 2014

This paper illustrates the damages of reinforced concrete and masonry minarets during October 23 (Erciş) and November 9 (Edremit), 2011 Van earthquakes in Turkey. Erciş and Edremit are townships located 90km and 18km from Van city center in Turkey, respectively. Ground accelerations and response spectrums for these earthquakes are given in this paper. A total of 63 reinforced concrete and masonry minarets are heavily damaged or collapsed in the city center and villages nearby after both earthquakes. Because of the fact that there is no Turkish standard and specification directly related to design of minarets, nearly all of the constructions are carried out by workers using only their own technical knowledge. So, all of the non-engineering reinforced concrete and masonry minarets completely collapsed or damaged heavily. From the study, it is seen that the damages are due to several reasons such as site effect, location, and length of the fault, reduction in cross section and formation of the discontinuity, use of plain reinforcement steel, use of concrete with insufficient strength, existence of short lap splices and incorrect end hook angle, larger mass and stiffness concentrations on some region, longitudinal reinforcements discontinuity, cracks at the cylindrical body, and damage of spire and end ornament. In addition to these reasons, the two earthquakes hit the minarets within seventeen days, causing progressive damage. So, the existing design and construction practices should be improved to provide sufficient earthquake performance. Also, it is recommended that there should be a safe distance between the minaret and surrounding structures to reduce the loose of life after earthquake.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.174-179
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• 2010

Objective : Cricothyrotomy and tracheostomy are performed by physicians in various disciplines. It is important to know the comprehensive anatomy of the laryngotracheal region. Hemorrhage, esophageal injury, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, pneumothorax, hemothorax, false passage of the tube and tracheal stenosis after decannulation are well known complications of the cricothyrotomy and tracheostomy. Cricothyrotomy and tracheostomy should be performed without complications and as quickly as possible with regards the patients' clinical condition. Methods : A total of 40 cadaver necks were dissected in this study. The trachea and larynx and the relationship between the trachea and larynx and the surrounding structures was investigated. The tracheal cartilages and annular ligaments were counted and the relationship between tracheal cartilages and the thyroid gland and vascular structures was investigated. We performed cricothyrotomy and tracheostomy in eleven cadavers while simulating intensive care unit conditions to determine the duration of those procedures. Results : There were 11 tracheal cartilages and 10 annular ligaments between the cricoid cartilage and sternal notch. The average length of trachea between the cricoid cartilage and the suprasternal notch was 6.9 to 8.2 cm. The cricothyroid muscle and cricothyroid ligament were observed and dissected and no vital anatomic structure detected. The average length and width of the cricothyroid ligament was 8 to 12 mm and 8 to 10 mm, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the surgical time required for cricothyrotomy and tracheostomy (p < 0.0001). Conclusion : Tracheostomy and cricothyrotomy have a low complication rate if the person performing the procedure has thorough knowledge of the neck anatomy. The choice of tracheostomy or cricothyrotomy to establish an airway depends on the patients' clinical condition, for instance; cricothyrotomy should be preferred in patients with cervicothoracal injury or dislocation who suffer from respiratory dysfunction. Furthermore; if a patient is under risk of hypoxia or anoxia due to a difficult airway, cricothyrotomy should be preferred rather than tracheostomy.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.111-121
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• 2004

One of the cooperative learning models, the cooperative learning of structural approach which is very simple and easily applicable accomplishes teaching-learning through combining learning contents and organic connections of various structures. This work proposes a cooperative teaching-learning model for the structural approach, designs and implements a web-based cooperative system supporting it. The model provides a concrete frame which can apply to a subject learning thus could effectively support cooperative learning. Furthermore, it classifies learning into three types such as knowledge learning, investigation, and function mastering and presents a structure application model for each so as to apply different structures according to learning materials and types. We implemented a system that performs cooperative learning on the basis of these models, applied to a class, and analyzed the effect of it.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.1437-1443
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• 2010

Thermal stresses due to the heat of hydration can cause extensive cracking in subway structures. In order to reduce heat cracks, construction methods (e.g. sequential or skipping construction methods) need to be changed. However, to our knowledge, the existing literature contains little information on the correlation between heat cracks and construction methods. Thus, in this study, the temperature crack index table was suggested based on construction lengths (6 m, 9 m and 18 m), concrete mixtures (Type I cement with FA of 20 % in cement weight, Type IV cement with FA of 10 % in cement weight, and mixture of three different cements), construction seasons (spring or autumn, summer and winter) and construction method (sequential or skipping construction methods). The index table can be easily used corresponding to changes in concrete placing method at the construction site. Also, the correlation of cracking due to sequential or skipping construction methods was derived based on the statistical approaches.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.140-140
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• 1999

Ti/Ni multilayered films (MLF) are ideal for neutron optics particularly in neutron guides and focusing devices. This system also possesses the tendency of amorphization through a solid-state reaction (SSR). This behaviors are closely related to the electronic structures and both magneto-optical (MO) and optical properties of metals depend strongly on their electron energy structures. Mutual inter-diffusion of the Tin and Ni atoms in the MLF caused by a low temperature annealing should decrease the thickness of pure Ni, as well as change the chemical and atomic order in the reactive zone. The application of the MO spectroscopy to the study of SSR in the MLF allows us to obtain an additional information on the changes in the atomic and chemical orders in the interface region. The optical one has no restriction on the magnetic state of the constituent sublayers. Therefore, the changes in magnetic, MO and optical properties of the Ti/Ni MLF due to SSR can be expected. To the best of our knowledge, the MO and optical spectroscopies were not used for this purpose. SSR has been studied in the series of the Ti/Ni MLFs with bilayer periods of 0.65-22.2nm and constant ratio of the Ti to Ni sublayers thickness by using MO and optical spectroscopies as well as an x-ray diffraction. The experimental MO and optical spectra are compared with the computer-simulated spectra, assuming various interface models. The relative changes in the x-ray diffraction spectra and MO properties of the Ti/Ni MLF caused by annealing are bigger for the multilayers with "thick" sublayers, or the SSR with the formation of amorphous alloy takes place mainly in the Ti/Ni multilayers with "thick" sublayers, while in the nominal threshold thickness of the Ni-sublayer for the observation of the equatorial Kerr effect in the as-deposited and annealed Ti/Ni MLFs of about 3.0 and 4.5nm thick is explained by the formation of amorphous alloy during the deposition or the formation of the nonmagnetic alloyed regions between pure components as a result of the SSR. For the case of Ti/Ni MLF the MO approach is more sensitive for the determination of the thickness of the reacted zone, while x-ray diffraction is more useful for structural analyses.structural analyses.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.237-251
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• 2001

It is important for nursing managers to understand the lived experience of nursing care for dying patients in clinical nurses for the effective management of them. The purpose of this Phenomenological study was to explore the lived experience of nursing care for the dying patients in clinical nurses and identify the meaning and structure of their lived experience. This study was conducted from 1 of June, 2000 to 1 of November, 2000. Data were collected with several in-depth interviews until data were fully saturated, from 1 of June, 2000 to 10 of September, 2000. The Subjects were five nurses who had more than three-year job experience in caring for dying patients, three protestant christians and two atheists, one married and four unmarried persons. The range of their age was from 28 to 36. Data were analysed by the Colaizzi's methodology. Ten themes were extracted from fifty-one fomulated-meanings. Fomulated-meanings were extracted from the restatements and the significant-statements which were deriven from the raw data. Finally ten themes took form of five structures. Five structures of 'The lived experience of nursing care for the dying patients in clinical nurses' were : 1. Experiencing guilty feeling and anger due to their and other's manneristic and ignored attitude toward dying patients 2. Feeling heartily the necessity of the education of hospice care because of their incompetence due to lack of knowledge of hospice care 3. Recognizing the human rights of dying patient's thinking themselves and their families 4. Felling satisfaction with their nursing accomplishments and reflecting their life through nursing care of the dying patients 5. Experiencing low self-respect due to the other's negative perspective toward their job The results of the study would give useful information to nursing managers to understand the lived experience of nursing care for dying patients in clinical nurses and establish adequate strategies to support them.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.276-276
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• 2010

Large-area micropatterned array of Co/Ni bilayer anti-dots was fabricated using photolithography and wet etching process. The surface morphology as well as the surface topography was checked by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, whereas the magnetic properties were studied by magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) and magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Systematic studies of the magnetic-reversal mechanism, the in-plane anisotropy and the switching field properties were carried out. To get a comprehensive knowledge about the domain configuration, we also employed OOMMF simulations. It was found from the MOKE measurements that a combined effect of configurational and the magneto-crystalline anisotropy simultaneously works in such micropatterned bilayer structures. In addition, the inclusion of holes in the uniform magnetic film drastically affected the switching field. The MFM images show well-defined domain structures which are periodic in nature. The micromagnetic simulations indicate that the magnetization reversal of such a structure proceeds by formation and annihilation of domain walls, which were equally manifested by the field-dependent MFM images. The observed changes in the magnetic properties are strongly related to both the patterning that hinders the domain-wall motion and to the magneto-anisotropic bilayered structure.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.392-401
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• 2001

Nowadays, the amount of image data increase explosively. To manage the large amount of image data efficiently, high-dimensional index structures are necessary. However, as my knowledge none of existing DBMSs supports high-dimensional index structures as access methods of DBMSs. In this paper, we design and implement CIR-Tree as a access method for retrieving image data effectively on the MiDAS-III that is the storage subsystem of the BADA-III. The implemented CIR-Tree manager shows much better retrieval performance than sequential search in performance evaluation.