• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.328-333
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was to investigate the correlation between pain, disability and quality of life among adolescents and office workers with neck and shoulder pain. Methods: Twenty-four subjects (mean age=24.92 years, SD=3.94, range=20-37) with neck and shoulder pain participated in this study. The outcome measures of the study were visual analogue scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI), short form-36 (SF-36) for neck and shoulder pain and disability, quality of life. Pearson's correlation and Speaman's rank correlation were used to measure the association between VAS and NDI, SPADI, SF-36. Results: The VAS showed a positive correlation between weak to moderate with the NDI and SPADI, but no significantly correlated (${\rho}=0.34$, ${\rho}=0.25$). The moderate positive correlation and significant correlation were observed between NDI and SPADI (${\rho}=0.43$, p<0.05). The PCS of SF-36 was significantly negative correlated with the VAS (${\rho}=-0.24$), NDI and SPADI (${\rho}=-0.63$, ${\rho}=-0.59$, p<0.05). Conclusion: The pain and disability of neck and shoulder has closely relevance. And, the pain and disability of neck and shoulder has a negative impact on the quality of life.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.745-751
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• 2013

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds have been used in Korea and China for promoting bone formation and protection. This study was designed to examine the Nrf-2 mediated anti-oxidative effects of Korean and Chinese safflower seeds. Water and ethanol extracts of safflower seeds were treated to RAW 264.7 cells. Nrf-2 transcriptional activity was measured by reporter gene assay and western blot analysis. Semi-quantitive RT-PCR analysis was adopted to measure Nrf-2 dependent gene expressions. Water extracts of safflower seeds have strongly induced the activation of Nrf-2 transcription than ethanol extracts. Especially, water extracts of Korean safflower seeds has more strongly increased the expression of nuclear Nrf-2. Water extracts of Korea and China safflower seeds have also increased the expression of Nrf-2-dependent genes such as GCLC, NQO-1 and HO-1 in RAW 264.7 cells. However, all kinds of safflower seeds extracts did not increase intracellular ROS production. These results demonstrate that the antioxidant effects of safflower seeds are not related with ROS production, rather it is mediated by the direct activation of Nrf-2.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 2009

For diagnoses of digestive organs, capsule endoscopes are widely used and offer valuable information without patient's discomfort. A general capsule endoscope which consists of image sensing module, telemetry module and battery is able to move along gastro-intestinal tracts passively only through peristaltic waves. Thus, it is likely to have some limitations for doctor to acquire images from the desired organs and to diagnose them effectively. As solutions to these problems, a locomotive function of capsule endoscopes has being developed. We have proposed a capsule-type microrobot with synchronized multiple legs. However, the proposed capsular microrobot also has some limitations, such as low speed in advancement, inconvenience to controlling the microrobot, lack of an image module, and deficiency in a steering module. In this paper, we will describe the limitations of the locomotive microrobot and propose solutions to the drawbacks. The solutions are applied to the capsular microrobot and evaluated by in-vitro tests. Based on the experimental results, we conclude that the proposed solutions are effective and appropriate for the locomotive microrobot to explore inside intestinal tracts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1091-1101
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• 2009

In an attempt to understand the biochemical mechanism for the synthesis of the anabolic steroid, 19-nortestosterone, produced by prepubertal boar testes and its physiological role, normalized complementary DNA (cDNA) from boar testes was generated. DNA sequencing of 2,016 randomly selected clones yielded 794,116 base pairs of high quality nucleotide sequence. Computer-assisted assembly of the nucleotide sequence of each clone resulted in 423 contigs and 403 singletons including several genes for steroidogenic enzymes and molecules related to steroid metabolism. Analysis of gene expression pattern by use of the presently-fabricated cDNA microarray identified a number of genes that were differentially expressed during the postnatal development period in boar testes. Two genes of unknown function were identified to be highly expressed in the testis of 2-weeks-old neonatal boar. In addition, the sequencing of open reading frames of these genes revealed their homology with human alpha hemoglobin and Homo sapiens hypothetical LOC643669, transcript variant 1. Moreover, the transcripts of these genes were also detected in porcine muscle and adipocytes, in addition to Leydig cells of pigs.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.461-468
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• 1999

In this paper, we have implemented a gas recognition system for classification and identification of explosive gases such as methane, propane, and butane using a sensor array and an artificial neural network. Such explosive gases which can be usually detected in the oil factory and LPG pipeline are very dangerous for a human being. We analyzed the characteristics of a multi-dimensional sensor signals obtained from the nine sensors using the principal component analysis(PCA) technique. Also, we implemented a gas pattern recognizer using a multi-layer neural network with error back propagation learning algorithm, which can classify and identify the sorts of gases and concentrations for each gas. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed gas recognition system is effective to identify the explosive gases. And also, we used DSP board(TMS320C31) to implement the proposed gas recognition system using the neural network for real time processing.

• Experimental and Molecular Medicine
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.9.1-9.12
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• 2018

Endometriosis is a disease characterized by implants of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity and is strongly associated with infertility. Focal adhesion of endometrial tissue to the peritoneum is an indication of incipient endometriosis. In this study, we examined the effect of various cytokines that are known to be involved in the pathology of endometriosis on endometrial cell adhesion. Among the investigated cytokines, transforming growth factor-${\beta}1$ ($TGF-{\beta}1$) increased adhesion of endometrial cells to the mesothelium through induction of ${\alpha}2-6$ sialylation. The expression levels of ${\beta}$-galactoside ${\alpha}2-6$ sialyltransferase (ST6Gal) 1 and ST6Gal2 were increased through activation of $TGF-{\beta}RI/SMAD2/3$ signaling in endometrial cells. In addition, we discovered that terminal sialic acid glycan epitopes of endometrial cells engage with sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-9 expressed on mesothelial cell surfaces. Interestingly, in an in vivo mouse endometriosis model, inhibition of endogenous sialic acid binding by a $NeuAc{\alpha}2-6Gal{\beta}1$-4GlcNAc injection diminished $TGF-{\beta}1$-induced formation of endometriosis lesions. Based on these results, we suggest that increased sialylation of endometrial cells by $TGF-{\beta}1$ promotes the attachment of endometrium to the peritoneum, encouraging endometriosis outbreaks.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.10
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• pp.671-728
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• 1997

By studying from Chun Kuk are(戰國時代) to Chung area(淸代), I could find some conclusion as follows. 1. It was Chun Kuk area(戰國時代) that was shown some signs of forthcoming activity of theory of Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈). In that time, Hwang Jae Nae Kyung(黃帝內經) had been written. That book made a important role for foundation of theory of Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈), but it hadn't sufficient contents in some parts. 2. The theory of the Ki Kyung Pal Maek (奇經八脈) had been developed in Jin Han area(秦漢時代), Nan Kyung(難經) had been written in the area, Nan Kyung(難經) had been the first book which had referred to name and physiology of Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈) and it also had mentioned about course, function, and pathology of that in simple manner. 3. In Yang Jin are and Su Dang area(兩晋 및 隋唐時代), Maek Kyung(脈經) and Hwang Jae Nae Kyung Tae So(黃帝內經太素) had been written Maek Kyung(脈經) had been the first book which had referred to pathology of Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈) by Maek Jin(脈診) in detail, and it had affected on such books like Tae Pyung Seoung Hveu bang (太平聖惠方) and Ko Kum Yeu Tong Dae Chon(古今醫統大全). Hwang Jae Nae Kyung Tae So(黃帝內經太素) had mentioned about course, function, and pathology about Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈) in most detail at that time, and it also had referred to that of such books like Myung Dang(明堂) and Ku Khoun Kyung(九卷經) which do not exist in present. Because of these point, Hwang jae Nae Kyung Tae So(黃帝內經太素) is evaluated an important book of theory of Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈). 4. In Song area(宋代), Seung Jae Chong Rok(聖濟總錄) had been written. Seung Jae Chong Rok(聖濟總錄) first mentioned about meeting between Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈) and Sip I Jong Kyung(十二正經), so this book helped development of theory of Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈) of Kum Won area(金元時代). 5. In Kum Won area(金元時代), Dong In Su Hyul Chym Ku Do Kyung(銅人腧穴針灸圖經) had been written. Dong In Su Hyul Chym Ku Do Kyung(銅人腧穴針灸圖經) made a important role of theroy of Im Meak(任脈) and Dok Meank(督脈). Sip Sa Kyung Bal Hyui(十四經發揮) was superior to other books which had been referred to theory of Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈) at that time. Also Sip Sa Kyung Bal Hyui(十四經發揮) more mentioned about meeting between Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈) and Sip I Jong Kyung(十二正經) than that of Seung Jae Chong Rok(聖濟總錄), so this book helped dvelopment of theory of Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈). 6. In Myung area(明代), Ki Kyung Pal Maek Ko(奇經八脈考) that had almost accomplished theory of Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈) had been written. Ki Kyung Pal Maek Ko(奇經八脈考) was the best book more than any other book that had been mentioned about theory of Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈) in three ways as follows. 1) It is Ki Kyung Pal Maek Ko(奇經八脈考) that mentioned about near similar manner of modern course and physiology of Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈). 2) Ki Kyung Pal Maek Ko(奇經八脈考) mentioned about pathology and treatment of Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈) in detail more than any other book. 3) Ki Kyung Pal Maek Ko(奇經八脈考) emphasized on relationship between Ryun Kong(鍊功) and Ki Kyung Pal Maek(奇經八脈).

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.383-398
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• 1998

This study was accomplished to analysis and survey on the experimental and practical science education of high school in korea for the consecutive study of the an analysis and survey on the experimental and practical science education of middle school in korea(Lee, Yoon-Jong et aI., 1997). The status of facilities, management for the experiment, practices, teaching methods in high schools have been investigated. The present status and reasonable management of the high school science education have been grasped from the questionaires. To do this 165 high school science teachers, 1977 students and 80 principals of high schools in Korea are administered questionaires of Science Education Research Institute of Kyungpook National University(I997). The results of this study are as follows : The reasonable management for experiments and practices of science education were scanty in the high school around the urban and rural school owing to the shortage of facilities and equipments, crowded class, excessive class works for teacher, excessive contents of present textbooks and insufficiency of the administrative supports etc. The current teaching method of high school science has emphasized knowledge. This fact does not satisfy the objective of learning due to lack of the teaching method. Desirable directions for the improvement of present status of high school science education were proposed in this paper.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2010

The structure of the ovary, ultrastructure of oocytes and morphological characteristics of vitellogenesis during oogenesis in female Gomphina veneriformis were investigated in clams collected from coastal waters of Samchok, Gangwon-do, Kore. In the previtellogenic oocytes, the Golgi complex was involved in the formation of a number of vacuoles. In the early vitellogenic oocytes, lipid droplets appeared among the Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the oocyte were involved in the formation of lipid droplets. Coated vesicles, resulting from endocytosis appeared at the basal region of the early vitellogenic oocyte. The uptake of nutritive materials in the coated vesicles formed by receptor-mediated endocytosis appeared through the formation of coated endocytotic pits on the oolemma. In the late vitellogenic oocytes, large yolk granules were formed by a combination of small yolk granules. In the mature oocyte, a mature yolk granule in composed of three components: crystaline core, electron lucent cortex, and a limiting membrane. According to cytological and histological observations, vitellogenesis occurred by way of endogenous autosynthesis and exogenous heterosynthesis. Autosynthesis involved the conbined activities of the Golgi complex, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, whereas heterosynthesis involved endocytotic incorporation of extraovarian precursors at the basal region of the early vitellogenic oocyte. The follicle cells which was attached to oocytes, were involved in the development of the previtellogenic and early vitellogenic oocytes as a kind of nutritive cells containing a number of glycogen particles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.141-147
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• 2013

It has been established that berberine has strong antimicrobial effects. Little is known however regarding the antimicrobial activity of berberine against endodontic pathogenic bacteria or its cytotoxicity in human oral tissue cells. The antibacterial properties of berberine were tested against 5 strains of Enterococcus faecalis and type strains of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella intermedia, and Tannerella forsythia, which are involved in endodontic infections. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) measurements. The viability of normal human gingival fibroblast (NHGF) cells after exposure to berberine was measured using a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The data showed that berberine has antimicrobial effects against A. actinomycetemcomitans with an MIC and MBC of $12.5{\mu}g/ml$ and $25{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In the cytotoxicity studies, cell viability was maintained at 66.1% following exposure to $31.3{\mu}g/ml$ berberine. Overall, these findings suggest that berberine has antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria. Nevertheless, lower concentrations in combination with other reagents will need to be tested before these in vitro results can be translated to clinical use.